Journal of Anxiety Disorders,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
103, P. 102855 - 102855
Published: March 8, 2024
Excessive
fear
generalization
has
been
associated
with
pathological
anxiety,
including
posttraumatic
stress
disorder
(PTSD).
However,
studies
investigating
the
longitudinal
relationship
between
and
development
of
anxiety
symptomatology
are
scarce.
This
study
aims
to
test
predictive
value
for
PTSD
symptoms
in
a
high-risk
profession
sample
explore
neuroticism,
which
both
linked
PTSD.
Longitudinal
data
from
multi-wave
529
Dutch
fire-fighters
were
used.
Fear
generalization,
neuroticism
assessed
at
baseline.
reevaluated
six,
12,
18,
24
months.
Generalization
was
differential
conditioning
paradigm
by
measuring
expectancies
an
aversive
outcome
when
presented
stimuli
similar
previously
conditioned
stimuli.
Higher
expectancy
ratings
towards
most
safety
signals
predicted
follow-up
after
controlling
baseline
symptoms,
whereas
higher
danger
neuroticism.
Neuroticism
weakened
power
considered
simultaneously.
These
findings
suggest
that
heightened
is
trauma-related
symptoms.
Targeting
problematic
may
be
promising
intervention
approach.
Neuropsychopharmacology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
48(11), P. 1648 - 1658
Published: June 3, 2023
Abstract
NMDA
receptor
antagonists
have
a
vital
role
in
extinction,
learning,
and
reconsolidation
processes.
During
the
window,
memories
are
activated
into
labile
state
can
be
reconsolidated
an
altered
form.
This
concept
might
significant
clinical
implications
treating
PTSD.
In
this
pilot
study
we
tested
potential
of
single
infusion
ketamine,
followed
by
brief
exposure
therapy,
to
enhance
post-retrieval
extinction
PTSD
trauma
memories.
27
individuals
diagnosed
with
were
randomly
assigned
receive
either
ketamine
(0.5
mg/kg
40
min;
N
=
14)
or
midazolam
(0.045
mg/kg;
13)
after
retrieval
traumatic
memory.
24
h
following
infusion,
participants
received
four-day
trauma-focused
psychotherapy.
Symptoms
brain
activity
assessed
before
treatment,
at
end
30-day
follow-up.
Amygdala
activation
scripts
(a
major
biomarker
fear
response)
served
as
main
outcome.
Although
symptoms
improved
equally
both
groups,
post-treatment,
recipients
showed
lower
amygdala
(−0.33,
sd
0.13,
95%HDI
[−0.56,−0.04])
hippocampus
(−0.3
(sd
0.19),
[−0.65,
0.04];
marginal
effect)
reactivation
memories,
compared
recipients.
Post-retrieval
administration
was
also
associated
decreased
connectivity
between
(−0.28,
0.11,
[−0.46,
−0.11]),
no
change
amygdala-vmPFC
connectivity.
Moreover,
reduction
fractional
anisotropy
bi-lateral
uncinate
fasciculus
seen
Ketamine
(right:
post-treatment:
−0.01108,
95%
HDI
[−0.0184,−0.003];
follow-up:
−0.0183,
[−0.02719,−0.0107];
left:
−0.019,
[−0.028,−0.011];
−0.017,
[−0.026,−0.007]).
Taken
together
it
is
possible
that
may
original
humans.
These
preliminary
findings
show
promising
direction
toward
capacity
rewrite
human
modulate
response
for
least
30
days
post-extinction.
When
combined
psychotherapy
PTSD,
further
investigation
dose,
timing
administration,
frequency
warranted.
Adverse
childhood
experiences
(ACEs)
are
a
major
risk
factor
for
the
development
of
multiple
psychopathological
conditions,
but
mechanisms
underlying
this
link
poorly
understood.
Associative
learning
encompasses
key
through
which
individuals
learn
to
important
environmental
inputs
emotional
and
behavioral
responses.
ACEs
may
impact
normative
maturation
associative
processes,
resulting
in
their
enduring
maladaptive
expression
manifesting
psychopathology.
In
review,
we
lay
out
systematic
methodological
overview
integration
available
evidence
proposed
association
between
threat
reward
processes.
We
summarize
results
from
literature
search
(following
PRISMA
guidelines)
yielded
total
81
articles
(threat:
n=38,
reward:
n=43).
Across
fields,
behaviorally,
observed
converging
pattern
aberrant
with
history
ACEs,
independent
other
sample
characteristics,
specific
ACE
types,
outcome
measures.
Specifically,
blunted
was
reflected
reduced
discrimination
safety
cues,
primarily
driven
by
diminished
responding
conditioned
cues.
Furthermore,
attenuated
manifested
accuracy
rate
tasks
involving
acquisition
contingencies.
Importantly,
emerged
despite
substantial
heterogeneity
assessment
operationalization
across
both
fields.
conclude
that
represent
mechanistic
route
become
physiologically
neurobiologically
embedded
ultimately
confer
greater
closing,
discuss
potentially
fruitful
future
directions
research
field,
including
considerations.
Scientific Reports,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
11(1)
Published: April 15, 2021
Abstract
Environmental
contexts
can
inform
animals
of
potential
threats,
though
it
is
currently
unknown
how
context
biases
the
selection
defensive
behavior.
Here
we
investigated
context-dependent
flight
responses
with
a
Pavlovian
serial-compound
stimulus
(SCS)
paradigm
that
evokes
freeze-to-flight
transitions.
Similar
to
previous
work
in
mice,
show
male
and
female
rats
display
flight-like
behavior
SCS
paradigm.
Flight
was
dependent
on
contextual
fear
insofar
as
only
evoked
shock-associated
reduced
conditioning
after
extinction.
expressed
white
noise
regardless
temporal
order
within
compound.
Nonetheless,
received
unpaired
trials
did
not
SCS,
indicating
associative.
Finally,
pharmacological
inactivation
two
brain
regions
critical
expression
fear,
central
nucleus
amygdala
(CeA)
bed
stria
terminalis
(BNST),
attenuates
both
responses.
All
these
effects
were
similar
rats.
This
demonstrates
summate
cued
innate
drive
high
state
transition
from
post-encounter
circa-strike
modes.
