Vibrio cholerae, classification, pathogenesis, immune response, and trends in vaccine development

Frontiers in Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: May 5, 2023

Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, a highly contagious diarrheal disease affecting millions worldwide each year. Cholera major public health problem, primarily in countries with poor sanitary conditions and regions affected by natural disasters, where access to safe drinking water limited. In this narrative review, we aim summarize current understanding evolution virulence pathogenesis V. as well provide an overview immune response against pathogen. We highlight that has remarkable ability adapt evolve, which global concern because it increases risk cholera outbreaks spread new regions, making its control even more challenging. Furthermore, show pathogen expresses several factors enabling efficiently colonize human intestine cause cholera. A cumulative body work also shows infection triggers inflammatory influences development memory Lastly, reviewed status licensed vaccines, those undergoing clinical evaluation, recent progress developing next-generation vaccines. This review offers comprehensive view identifies knowledge gaps must be addressed develop effective

Language: Английский

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Unmasking the Neglected Cholera Outbreaks in Sub-Saharan Africa

International Journal of Public Health, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 69

Published: Jan. 7, 2025

Cholera is a communicable infection that predominantly transmitted by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae after ingesting contaminated water or food. It causes excessive diarrhoea and vomiting can result in severe dehydration. V. traces its natural habitat waterlogged settings, therefore, to effectively manage spread of cholera, it critical research interactions disease's causative agent with human comportment ecosystem [1]. Despite momentous breakthroughs have been documented medical field, cholera remains public health threat some countries Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) as well East Mediterranean Region (EMR), claims thousands lives, whenever there an outbreak. The crises are persistent regions lack adequate supply experience poor sanitation hygiene services (WASH) alongside substandard healthcare infrastructure [2]. However, productively highlight neglected incidences reemerge year year, SSA, important carry out detailed investigations their systemic limitations propagate reoccurrence [3]. Thereafter, coming up sustainable solutions widely address this ongoing crisis (Table 1). social constraints such gender inequalities contribute challenge posed due scarcity. Girls women bear burden caregiving during outbreaks they usually forefront [4]. Healthcare expenditures tend strain fragile economies reduce productivity. cost treatment varies significantly depending on factors WASH infrastructure, severity outbreaks, access resources. In Somalia for instance, overall average facilities households was estimated be US$ 116.59 2023 [5]. This hefty considering socioeconomic inequality, disproportionately affects society. Additionally, young population below age five highly susceptible, especially those little no food eat, malnutrition renders disease vulnerability children, compromised immune systems. Their bodies find hard defend themselves against foreign invaders [6]. epidemics repeatedly erupt foreseeable periods Africa, frequently align rainy seasons intensified environmental infrastructural dynamics [7]. infectious remarkably prevalent where Zambia, Nigeria Democratic Republic Congo succumbed major episodes recorded high case fatality rates [8]. According World Health Organization (WHO), SSA reports highest number cases, globally, region records over 150,000 laboratory confirmed about 3,000 deaths annually [9].In several specifically conflict-affected rural areas, centres not fully equipped execute timely diagnosis reporting cases. As result, most remain masked both national international authorities, until escalate [10]. Political influences equally play key role, governments may shy away from fear ruining reputation suppressing tourism industry discouraging investment. prolonged regional internal conflicts prevalence chapters SSA. They disrupt systems cause limited quality [11].Furthermore, drainages, settings [12]. Climate change including floods droughts contaminate sources [13].Insufficient vaccination coverage, particularly hard-to-reach districts also chief [14]. density refugee camps together informal settlements urban areas increase transmission rate, turning small into large-scale [15]. Similarly, EMR, pressing concern, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Haiti, Yemen being among severely affected countries.The these nations driven protracted conflicts, political instability, widespread displacement, which [16].In period between 2010 2020, 34 African recounted [17].The ten Ethiopia, (DRC), Somalia, Kenya, Mozambique, South Sudan, Nigeria, Tanzania, Zimbabwe Uganda.Cholera endemic undergo series challenges when neglected, mortality [18], because kill within hours if left untreated [19] economic instability commerce [20]. high-risk communities face exclusion marginalization [21]. Also, brings long-term consequences [6], kidney damage increased immunodeficiency.Notwithstanding, implemented strategic measures spearhead control prevention turn, break cycle neglect (Baltazar et al., 2022;Debes 2021b;Hussen 2024;Kiama 2023;Mbewe 2024). innovative actions adopted include investing improved [27], engaging targeted programs, intensely hotspots [28] empowering practitioners training them how diagnose treat patients. Public involvement has proven pillar prevention, educating local response efforts ensures awareness [29]. Alternatively, addressing underlying providing emergency assistance minimize displacements people cross-border [30].To further mitigate beyond, imperative stakeholders, governments, community, non-governmental organizations prioritize [31]. would help incorporate successful strategies other regions. Ahmed [32] reported March 2017, team specialists Asian at risk various representatives WHO came Vietnam share progress terms interventions water, (WASH), surveillance oral vaccine use [32]. multi-sectoral collaboration integrating CDC's "One Health" approach, broader contributing outbreaks. Besides, crucial explore coverage indicators effect cholera. Because impact inadequate contributes largely higher incidence ease pathogen Thus, services, safe drinking standard supplies, personal practices, wastewater management, cholera-prone breaking cycle, enhancing promoting community resilience [33].Another method upscale alleviation introduction mass immunization movements using Oral Vaccines (OCVs) [34].A few initiated OCV campaigns respectful predisposed districts.Even though OCVs offer provisional protection, certainly essential component fight Likewise, establishments initiatives led whose aim tackle triggers bring [35], could supported unmask overlooked threats matters health. addition, technologies need ameliorated heighten quest combatting [36]. involves developing early warning schemes detect before spiral [37].A multifaceted approach problem should focus tackling root linked inequalities. These disparities clean drivers vulnerable populations. Hence, poverty housing conditions mitigating risks, involving policymakers strengthening collaboration. multisectoral often agencies weak governance. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) role coordinating responses across sectors EMR. Over-reliance external actors limits sustainability approaches. SSA's domestic frameworks offers valuable insights while EMR's reliance global partnerships highlights importance leveraging support resource-limited (Figure Ultimately, effective must integrate health, education, inequities perpetuate Africa.Figure 1 Multi-faceted AfricaCholera yet preventable exacerbated inequalities, impacts climate change. devastating effects, receives attention resources, leaving affected. Addressing requires holistic prioritizes investments sanitation, strengthens systems, implements climate-resilient strategies. Empowering through education proactive policies targeting inequality ensure International funding technical support. By unmasking structural committing comprehensive solutions, secure better outcomes all.

Language: Английский

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High Sensitivity Terahertz Biosensor Based on Graphene/Methylammonium Lead Halide Metasurface with Machine Learning-Enhanced Pathogen Detection

Plasmonics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Nov. 25, 2024

Language: Английский

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Water pollution, cholera, and the role of probiotics: a comprehensive review in relation to public health in Bangladesh

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: Jan. 14, 2025

Cholera, a disease caused by Vibrio cholerae, remains pervasive public health threat, particularly in regions with inadequate water sanitation and hygiene infrastructure, such as Bangladesh. This review explores the complex interplay between pollution cholera transmission Bangladesh, highlighting how contaminated bodies serve reservoirs for V. cholerae. A key focus is potential role of probiotics novel intervention approach prevention management. Probiotics are promising an adjunctive to existing therapies they can enhance gut barrier function, induce competitive exclusion pathogens, modulate host immune responses. Recent probiotic advancements include engineering strains that disrupt cholerae biofilms inhibit their virulence. Integrating traditional control measures could significantly effectiveness provide multifaceted combating this persistent disease. aims shed light on revolutionizing management offer insights into application both preventive therapeutic tools fight against enduring challenge.

Language: Английский

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Time to invest in cholera

EClinicalMedicine, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 80, P. 103044 - 103044

Published: Jan. 18, 2025

Language: Английский

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Evaluation of humoral and cellular immune responses against Vibrio cholerae using oral immunization by multi-epitope-phage-based vaccine

International Immunopharmacology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 134, P. 112160 - 112160

Published: May 5, 2024

Language: Английский

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Detection of foodborne pathogens in contaminated food using nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors

Analytical Biochemistry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 693, P. 115600 - 115600

Published: July 2, 2024

Language: Английский

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Cholera rages in Africa and the Middle East: A narrative review on challenges and solutions

Health Science Reports, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 7(5)

Published: May 1, 2024

Cholera is a life-threatening infectious disease that still one of the most common acute watery diarrheal diseases in world today. Acute diarrhea and severe dehydration brought on by cholera can cause hypovolemic shock, which be fatal minutes. Without competent clinical therapy, rate case fatality surpasses 50%. The purpose this review was to highlight challenges Africa Middle East explain reasons for why region currently fertile environment cholera. We investigated serology, epidemiology, geographical distribution 2022 2023. reviewed detection methods, such as rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), treatments, antibiotics phage therapy. Finally, explored oral vaccines (OCVs), vaccine shortage crisis.

Language: Английский

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Analysis of Health, Environmental, and Socioeconomic Determinants of Cholera Severity in Conflict-Affected Tigray Region, Ethiopia: Evidence from the Cholera Outbreak Report

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Background: Cholera is a life-threatening diarrheal disease caused by the ingestion of food or water contaminated with V.cholerae. It remains major public health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries inadequate WaSH systems. Ethiopia, specifically Tigray region, has experienced recurring cholera outbreaks, exacerbated conflict, displacement, ravaged infrastructure. Despite efforts to control cholera, still continues affect avalanche populations, resulting significant morbidity mortality, this war-ridden region.AimThis study aims analyze outbreak Tigray, from July 25 October 4, 2024, examining outbreak's spread, clinical outcomes, key demographic, health, environmental factors influencing severity inform future interventions.

Language: Английский

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Geographic disparities impacting oral vaccine performance: Observations and future directions

Clinical & Experimental Immunology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 8, 2025

Abstract Oral vaccines have several advantages compared with parenteral administration: they can be relatively cheap to produce in high quantities, easier administer, and induce intestinal mucosal immunity that protect against infection. These characteristics led successful use of oral rotavirus, polio, cholera. Unfortunately, for all three diseases demonstrated lower performance the highest-burden settings where are most needed. Rotavirus estimated >85% effectiveness hospitalization children <12 months countries low child mortality, but only ~65% mortality. Similarly, polio immunogenicity developing country high-resource settings. Data more limited cholera vaccines, suggest titers among adults, and, some efficacy endemic non-endemic disparities likely multifactorial, available evidence suggests a role maternal factors (e.g., transplacental antibodies, breastmilk), host genetic polymorphisms—with best rotavirus—or previous infection), environmental gut microbiome, coinfections). Overall, these data highlight rather ambiguous often contradictory nature on affecting vaccine response, cautioning broad extrapolation outcomes based one population or type. Meaningful impact will possible suite interventions, given complex multifactorial problem degree which contributing intertwined.

Language: Английский

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