Annual Review of Pathology Mechanisms of Disease,
Journal Year:
2015,
Volume and Issue:
10(1), P. 195 - 262
Published: Jan. 24, 2015
The
ultimate
goal
of
most
biomedical
research
is
to
gain
greater
insight
into
mechanisms
human
disease
or
develop
new
and
improved
therapies
diagnostics.
Although
great
advances
have
been
made
in
terms
developing
models
animals,
such
as
transgenic
mice,
many
these
fail
faithfully
recapitulate
the
condition.
In
addition,
it
difficult
identify
critical
cellular
molecular
contributors
vary
them
independently
whole-animal
models.
This
challenge
has
attracted
interest
engineers,
who
begun
collaborate
with
biologists
leverage
recent
tissue
engineering
microfabrication
novel
vitro
disease.
As
are
synthetic
systems,
specific
factors
individual
cell
types,
including
parenchymal
cells,
vascular
immune
can
be
varied
while
simultaneously
measuring
system-level
responses
real
time.
this
article,
we
provide
some
examples
efforts,
engineered
diseases
heart,
lung,
intestine,
liver,
kidney,
cartilage,
skin
vascular,
endocrine,
musculoskeletal,
nervous
well
infectious
cancer.
We
also
describe
how
combined
inducible
pluripotent
stem
cells
enable
insights
a
broad
variety
mechanisms,
test
bed
for
screening
therapies.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
Journal Year:
2014,
Volume and Issue:
111(6), P. 2247 - 2252
Published: Jan. 3, 2014
Significance
The
mammalian
intestines
contain
an
enormous
number
of
microorganisms
within
the
lumen.
Given
constant
exposure
to
these
microbes,
intestinal
immune
system
has
difficult
task
maintaining
tolerance
commensal
bacteria
while
remaining
responsive
potential
pathogens.
mechanisms
by
which
this
balance
is
achieved
are
relatively
unknown.
Here,
we
identify
a
bacterial
metabolite,
n-butyrate,
that
exerts
immunomodulatory
effects
on
macrophages
and
renders
them
hyporesponsive
commensals
reside
in
colon.
Our
studies
elucidate
possible
mechanism
contributes
homeostasis
intestines.
European Journal of Nutrition,
Journal Year:
2012,
Volume and Issue:
51(6), P. 637 - 663
Published: June 9, 2012
Vegetables
and
fruit
provide
a
significant
part
of
human
nutrition,
as
they
are
important
sources
nutrients,
dietary
fibre,
phytochemicals.
However,
it
is
uncertain
whether
the
risk
certain
chronic
diseases
can
be
reduced
by
increased
consumption
vegetables
or
general
public,
what
strength
evidence
has
to
allocated
such
an
association.
Therefore,
comprehensive
analysis
studies
available
in
literature
respective
study
results
been
performed
evaluated
regarding
obesity,
type
2
diabetes
mellitus,
hypertension,
coronary
heart
disease
(CHD),
stroke,
cancer,
inflammatory
bowel
(IBD),
rheumatoid
arthritis
(RA),
obstructive
pulmonary
(COPD),
asthma,
osteoporosis,
eye
diseases,
dementia.
For
judgement,
for
association,
level
evidence,
number
were
considered,
quality
their
estimated
relevance
based
on
design
size.
CHD,
there
convincing
that
increasing
reduces
disease.
There
probable
cancer
inversely
associated
with
fruit.
In
addition,
possible
may
prevent
body
weight
gain.
As
overweight
most
factor
therefore
might
indirectly
incidence
mellitus.
Independent
overweight,
no
influence
lowers
dementia
osteoporosis.
Likewise,
current
data
COPD,
RA
indicate
increase
vegetable
contribute
prevention
these
diseases.
IBD,
glaucoma,
diabetic
retinopathy,
was
insufficient
association
This
critical
review
associations
between
intake
several
shows
high
daily
foods
promotes
health.
from
scientific
point
view,
national
campaigns
justified.
The
promotion
nutrition
health
policies
preferable
strategy
decrease
burden
Western
societies.
Immunological Reviews,
Journal Year:
2014,
Volume and Issue:
260(1), P. 8 - 20
Published: June 19, 2014
The
gastrointestinal
tract
is
covered
by
mucus
that
has
different
properties
in
the
stomach,
small
intestine,
and
colon.
large
highly
glycosylated
gel-forming
mucins
MUC2
MUC5AC
are
major
components
of
intestine
respectively.
In
limits
number
bacteria
can
reach
epithelium
Peyer's
patches.
inner
layer
separates
commensal
from
host
epithelium.
outer
colonic
natural
habitat
for
bacteria.
intestinal
goblet
cells
secrete
not
only
mucin
but
also
a
typical
components:
CLCA1,
FCGBP,
AGR2,
ZG16,
TFF3.
have
recently
been
shown
to
novel
gate-keeping
role
presentation
oral
antigens
immune
system.
Goblet
deliver
luminal
material
lamina
propria
dendritic
tolerogenic
CD103(+)
type.
addition
mucins,
transmembrane
MUC3,
MUC12,
MUC17
form
enterocyte
glycocalyx
about
micrometer
out
brush
border.
shuttle
surface
an
intracellular
vesicle
localization,
suggesting
enterocytes
might
control
report
epithelial
microbial
challenge.
There
communication
system
opposite
direction.
One
example
this
IL10
affect
improve
layer.
primary
gate
keepers
controllers
bacterial
interactions
with
system,
our
understanding
relationship
still
its
infancy.
New England Journal of Medicine,
Journal Year:
2011,
Volume and Issue:
365(18), P. 1713 - 1725
Published: Nov. 2, 2011
Ulcerative
colitis
is
the
most
common
form
of
inflammatory
bowel
disease.
Its
course
often
mild,
with
few
complications,
and
it
can
be
cured
by
colectomy.
Our
current
understanding
its
pathophysiology,
diagnosis,
treatment
reviewed.
