Science,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
387(6734), P. 682 - 688
Published: Feb. 6, 2025
Fast
instinctive
responses
to
environmental
stimuli
can
be
crucial
for
survival
but
are
not
always
optimal.
Animals
adapt
their
behavior
and
suppress
reactions,
the
neural
pathways
mediating
such
ethologically
relevant
forms
of
learning
remain
unclear.
We
found
that
posterolateral
higher
visual
areas
(plHVAs)
escapes
from
innate
threats
through
a
top-down
pathway
ventrolateral
geniculate
nucleus
(vLGN).
plHVAs
no
longer
necessary
after
learning;
instead,
learned
relies
on
plasticity
within
vLGN
populations
exert
inhibitory
control
over
escape
responses.
neurons
receiving
input
enhance
threat
during
endocannabinoid-mediated
long-term
suppression
inputs.
thus
reveal
detailed
circuit,
cellular,
synaptic
mechanisms
underlying
experience-dependent
fear
Annual Review of Psychology,
Journal Year:
2012,
Volume and Issue:
64(1), P. 21 - 47
Published: July 19, 2012
The
psychoactive
constituent
in
cannabis,
Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol
(THC),
was
isolated
the
mid-1960s,
but
cannabinoid
receptors,
CB1
and
CB2,
major
endogenous
cannabinoids
(anandamide
2-arachidonoyl
glycerol)
were
identified
only
20
to
25
years
later.
system
affects
both
central
nervous
(CNS)
peripheral
processes.
In
this
review,
we
have
tried
summarize
research--with
an
emphasis
on
recent
publications--on
actions
of
endocannabinoid
anxiety,
depression,
neurogenesis,
reward,
cognition,
learning,
memory.
effects
are
at
times
biphasic--lower
doses
causing
opposite
those
seen
high
doses.
Recently,
numerous
endocannabinoid-like
compounds
been
brain.
Only
a
few
investigated
for
their
CNS
activity,
future
investigations
action
may
throw
light
wide
spectrum
brain
functions.
Annual Review of Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2012,
Volume and Issue:
35(1), P. 529 - 558
Published: May 20, 2012
Despite
being
regarded
as
a
hippie
science
for
decades,
cannabinoid
research
has
finally
found
its
well-deserved
position
in
mainstream
neuroscience.
A
series
of
groundbreaking
discoveries
revealed
that
endocannabinoid
molecules
are
widespread
and
important
conventional
neurotransmitters
such
glutamate
or
GABA,
yet
they
act
profoundly
unconventional
ways.
We
aim
to
illustrate
how
uncovering
the
molecular,
anatomical,
physiological
characteristics
signaling
new
mechanistic
insights
into
several
fundamental
phenomena
synaptic
physiology.
First,
we
summarize
unexpected
advances
molecular
complexity
biogenesis
inactivation
two
endocannabinoids,
anandamide
2-arachidonoylglycerol.
Then,
show
these
metabolic
routes
integrated
well-known
intracellular
pathways.
These
endocannabinoid-producing
signalosomes
operate
phasic
tonic
modes,
thereby
differentially
governing
homeostatic,
short-term,
long-term
plasticity
throughout
brain.
Finally,
discuss
cell
type-
synapse-specific
refinement
may
explain
characteristic
behavioral
effects
cannabinoids.
Science,
Journal Year:
2011,
Volume and Issue:
334(6056), P. 623 - 628
Published: Nov. 3, 2011
Synaptic
plasticity
is
the
experience-dependent
change
in
connectivity
between
neurons
that
believed
to
underlie
learning
and
memory.
Here,
we
discuss
cellular
molecular
processes
are
altered
when
a
neuron
responds
external
stimuli,
how
these
alterations
lead
an
increase
or
decrease
synaptic
connectivity.
Modification
of
components
changes
gene
expression
necessary
for
many
forms
plasticity.
We
focus
on
excitatory
mammalian
hippocampus,
one
best-studied
model
systems
learning-related
Addiction,
Journal Year:
2012,
Volume and Issue:
108(3), P. 534 - 544
Published: Sept. 13, 2012
Recently,
several
synthetic
cannabinoids
were
identified
in
herbal
mixtures
consumed
as
recreational
drugs
alternative
to
cannabis
products.
The
aim
was
characterize
the
acute
toxicity
of
experienced
by
emergency
patients.This
a
retrospective
study
targeting
patients
seeking
treatment
after
use
cannabinoids.Patients
selected
from
database
Poisons
Information
Center
Freiburg
between
September
2008
and
February
2011.
inclusion
criteria
were:
hospitalization,
available
clinical
reports
analytical
verification
cannabinoid
uptake.
In
total,
29
included
(age
14-30
years,
median
19;
25
males,
four
females).Clinical
evaluated
other
determined
analytically.CP-47,497-C8
(one),
JWH-015
JWH-018
(eight),
JWH-073
JWH-081
(seven),
JWH-122
(11),
JWH-210
JWH-250
(four)
AM
694
(one)
quantified
blood
samples.
most
common
2008-9,
2010,
Tachycardia,
agitation,
hallucination,
hypertension,
minor
elevation
glucose,
hypokalaemia
vomiting
reported
frequently.
Chest
pain,
seizures,
myoclonia
psychosis
also
noted.There
appears
have
been
an
increase
extremely
potent
JWH-210.
Acute
toxic
symptoms
associated
with
their
are
intake
high
doses
cannabis,
but
emesis
seem
be
characteristic
cannabinoids,
which
high-affinity
high-efficacy
agonists
CB(1)
receptor.
Thus,
these
effects
due
probably
strong
receptor
stimulation.
