Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)¹

Autophagy, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 17(1), P. 1 - 382

Published: Jan. 2, 2021

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered field. Our knowledge base relevant new technologies also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated monitoring autophagy different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues be confusion regarding acceptable methods evaluate autophagy, especially multicellular eukaryotes. Here, present investigators select interpret examine related processes, reviewers provide realistic reasonable critiques reports that are focused these processes. These not meant dogmatic rules, because appropriateness any assay largely depends question being asked system used. Moreover, no individual perfect every situation, calling use multiple techniques properly monitor each experimental setting. Finally, several core components machinery implicated distinct autophagic processes (canonical noncanonical autophagy), implying genetic approaches block should rely targeting two or more autophagy-related genes ideally participate steps pathway. Along similar lines, proteins involved regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, all them can used as specific marker bona fide responses. critically discuss current assessing information they can, cannot, provide. ultimate goal encourage intellectual technical innovation

Language: Английский

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Monkeypox: disease epidemiology, host immunity and clinical interventions

Nature reviews. Immunology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 22(10), P. 597 - 613

Published: Sept. 5, 2022

Language: Английский

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Role of Host and Pathogen-Derived MicroRNAs in Immune Regulation During Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: Jan. 24, 2020

MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) are short, endogenously initiated, noncoding RNAs that bind to target mRNAs, leading the degradation or translational suppression of respective mRNAs. They have been reported as key players in physiological processes like differentiation, cellular proliferation, development, and apoptosis. gained importance gene expression regulators immune system. control antibody production release various inflammatory mediators. Abnormal functioning miRNA system is linked diseases disorders, allergic diseases,cancers etc. As compared average human genome, targets genes quite differently. appeared regulate responses related both acquired innate immunity humans. Several miRNAs importantly transcription even, dysregulation inflammation-related Many either upregulated downregulated infectious diseases. Hence, modifying targeting might serve a novel strategy for diagnosis, prevention treatment conditions.

Language: Английский

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Salmonella Biofilm Formation, Chronic Infection, and Immunity Within the Intestine and Hepatobiliary Tract

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: Feb. 2, 2021

Within the species of Salmonella enterica, there is significant diversity represented among numerous subspecies and serovars. Collectively, these account for microbes with variable host ranges, from common plant animal colonizers to extremely pathogenic human-specific Despite differences, many find commonality in ability form biofilms cause acute, latent, or chronic disease. The exact outcome infection depends on factors such as growth state Salmonella, environmental conditions encountered at time infection, well infected immune response elicited. Here, we review biofilm lifestyles (on biotic abiotic surfaces) how production extracellular polymeric substances not only enhances long-term persistence outside but also an essential function human infections. Furthermore, careful consideration made events during initial that allow gut transcytosis which, conjunction functions, often determine progression Both typhoidal non-typhoidal salmonellae can and/or secondary infections, thus adaptive responses both types bacteria are discussed particular attention differences between Typhi, Typhimurium, invasive result differential responses. Finally, while strides have been our understanding immunity lymphoid organs, fewer definitive studies exist intestinal hepatobiliary immunity. By examining current knowledge what remains be determined, provide insight into new directions field immunity, particularly it relates infection.

Language: Английский

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Medicinal Plants and Isolated Molecules Demonstrating Immunomodulation Activity as Potential Alternative Therapies for Viral Diseases Including COVID-19

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: May 13, 2021

Plants have been extensively studied since ancient times and numerous important chemical constituents with tremendous therapeutic potential are identified. Attacks of microorganisms including viruses bacteria can be counteracted an efficient immune system therefore, stimulation body's defense mechanism against infections has proven to effective approach. Polysaccharides, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, lactones the phytochemicals, reported primarily responsible for immunomodulation activity plants. These phytochemicals may act as lead molecules development safe immunomodulators remedies prevention cure viral diseases. Natural products known modulate in nonspecific ways. A number plant-based principles identified isolated which justify their use traditional folklore medicine form basis further specified research. The aim current review is describe highlight certain plants along bioactive constituents. Relevant literatures recent years were searched from commonly employed scientific databases on ethnopharmacological use. Most displaying considerable summarized possible mechanisms. discussions shall hopefully elicit attention researchers encourage studies these therapy management infectious diseases, ones such COVID-19.

Language: Английский

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Revisiting ESKAPE Pathogens: virulence, resistance, and combating strategies focusing on quorum sensing

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: June 29, 2023

The human–bacterial association is long-known and well-established in terms of both augmentations human health attenuation. However, the growing incidents nosocomial infections caused by ESKAPE pathogens ( Enterococcus faecium , Staphylococcus aureus Klebsiella pneumoniae Acinetobacter baumannii Pseudomonas aeruginosa Enterobacter sp.) call for a much deeper understanding these organisms. Adopting holistic approach that includes science infection recent advancements preventing treating imperative designing novel intervention strategies against pathogens. In this regard, review captures ingenious commissioned master players, which are teamed up defenses team, equally, if not more, versatile potent through an analogy. We have taken basketball match as our analogy, dividing bacterial species into two teams playing with ball health. Through we make concept infectious biology more accessible.

Language: Английский

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The hidden power of secondary metabolites in plant-fungi interactions and sustainable phytoremediation

Frontiers in Plant Science, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: Dec. 12, 2022

The global environment is dominated by various small exotic substances, known as secondary metabolites, produced plants and microorganisms. Plants fungi are particularly plentiful sources of these molecules, whose physiological functions, in many cases, remain a mystery. Fungal metabolites (SM) diverse group substances that exhibit wide range chemical properties generally fall into one four main family groups: Terpenoids, polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, or combination the latter two. They incredibly varied their functions often related to increased fitness respective fungus its environment, competing with other microbes interacting plant species. Several have essential roles biological control diseases beneficial microorganisms used for crop protection biofertilization worldwide. Besides direct toxic effects against phytopathogens, natural can promote root shoot development and/or disease resistance activating host systemic defenses. ability synthesize store biologically active potent source novel compounds agriculture becoming top priority SM research. In this review, we will discuss fungal-plant antifungal role signaling molecules induced acquired activities. Additionally, fungal mimic promotion such auxins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, which modulate growth under biotic stress. Moreover, present new trend regarding phytoremediation applications using achieve sustainable food production microbial diversity an eco-friendly environment.

Language: Английский

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Understanding bacterial pathogenicity: a closer look at the journey of harmful microbes

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: Feb. 20, 2024

Bacteria are the most prevalent form of microorganisms and classified into two categories based on their mode existence: intracellular extracellular. While bacteria beneficial to human health, others pathogenic can cause mild severe infections. These use various mechanisms evade host immunity diseases in humans. The susceptibility a bacterial infection depends effectiveness immune system, overall genetic factors. Malnutrition, chronic illnesses, age-related vulnerabilities additional confounders disease severity phenotypes. impact pathogens public health includes transmission these from healthcare facilities, which contributes increased morbidity mortality. To identify significant threats it is crucial understand global burden common pathogenicity. This knowledge required improve immunization rates, vaccines, consider antimicrobial resistance when assessing situation. Many have developed resistance, has implications for infectious favors survival resilient microorganisms. review emphasizes significance understanding that this threat scale.

Language: Английский

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The Role of Gut Dysbiosis in the Loss of Intestinal Immune Cell Functions and Viral Pathogenesis

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(7), P. 1849 - 1849

Published: July 21, 2023

The gut microbiome plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and immune function. However, dysbiosis, an imbalance composition, can have profound effects on various aspects of human health, including susceptibility to viral infections. Despite numerous studies investigating the influence infections microbiome, impact dysbiosis infection pathogenesis remains relatively understudied. clinical variability observed SARS-CoV-2 seasonal influenza infections, presence natural HIV suppressors, suggests that host-intrinsic factors, may contribute pathogenesis. has been shown host system by regulating intestinal homeostasis through interactions with cells. This review aims enhance our understanding how perturb mucosal cells, affecting response Specifically, we focus exploring between gamma delta (γδ) T cells microbes context inflammatory examine highlighting disease outcomes. Furthermore, discuss emerging evidence potential future directions for modulation therapy

Language: Английский

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Cancer stem cell mimicry for immune evasion and therapeutic resistance

Cell stem cell, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 31(8), P. 1101 - 1112

Published: June 25, 2024

Language: Английский

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