COVID-19 and the Endocrine System: A Comprehensive Review on the Theme

Journal of Clinical Medicine, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 10(13), P. 2920 - 2920

Published: June 29, 2021

The review aimed to summarize advances in the topic of endocrine diseases and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).Scientific institutional websites databases were searched data collected organized, when plausible, angle discussion toward following clinical issues. (1) Are patients with COVID-19 at higher risk developing acute or late-onset dysfunction? (2) May underlying dysfunctions be considered factors for poor prognosis once infection has occurred? (3) there defined strategies manage despite pandemic-related constraints? Herein, authors only relevant more frequently observed disorders related hypothalamic-pituitary region, thyroid parathyroid glands, calcium-phosphorus homeostasis osteoporosis, adrenal gonads. Main. Data highlight basis some pathophysiological mechanisms anatomical alterations Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced dysfunctions. Some conditions, such as insufficiency cortisol excess, may worse progression occurred. These at-risk populations require adequate education avoid SARS-CoV-2 adequately medical therapy during pandemic, even emergencies. Endocrine management underwent a palpable restraint, especially procedures requiring obligate access healthcare facilities diagnostic therapeutic purposes. Strategies triage prioritize consultations, laboratory, instrumental evaluations, digital telehealth solutions should implemented better deal this probably long-term situation.

Language: Английский

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The Development of Molecular Biology of Osteoporosis

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 22(15), P. 8182 - 8182

Published: July 30, 2021

Osteoporosis is one of the major bone disorders that affects both women and men, causes deterioration strength. Bone remodeling maintains mass mineral homeostasis through balanced action osteoblasts osteoclasts, which are responsible for formation resorption, respectively. The imbalance in known to be main cause osteoporosis. can result various molecules produced by cell acts on other cells influence activity. understanding effect these help identify new targets therapeutics prevent treat disorders. In this article, we have focused osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts their mechanism cells. We also summarized different pharmacological osteoporosis treatments target molecular aspects minimize

Language: Английский

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An Overview of the Molecular Mechanisms Contributing to Musculoskeletal Disorders in Chronic Liver Disease: Osteoporosis, Sarcopenia, and Osteoporotic Sarcopenia

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 22(5), P. 2604 - 2604

Published: March 5, 2021

The prevalence of osteoporosis and sarcopenia is significantly higher in patients with liver disease than those without negatively influence morbidity mortality disease, yet these musculoskeletal disorders are frequently overlooked clinical practice for chronic disease. objective this review to provide a comprehensive understanding the molecular mechanisms accompanying pathogenesis increased bone resorption through receptor activator nuclear factor kappa (RANK)-RANK ligand (RANKL)-osteoprotegerin (OPG) system upregulation inflammatory cytokines decreased formation bilirubin sclerostin lower insulin-like growth factor-1 important Sarcopenia associated insulin resistance obesity non-alcoholic fatty whereas hyperammonemia, low amount branched chain amino acids, hypogonadism contributes cirrhosis. bidirectional crosstalk between muscle myostatin, irisin, β-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA), osteocalcin, as well activation RANK Wnt/β-catenin pathways osteosarcopenia. understandings would be development effective therapies targeting pathophysiological mechanism involved.

Language: Английский

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A review on epidermal growth factor receptor's role in breast and non-small cell lung cancer

Chemico-Biological Interactions, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 351, P. 109735 - 109735

Published: Nov. 3, 2021

Language: Английский

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Role of the RANK/RANKL/OPG and Wnt/β-Catenin Systems in CKD Bone and Cardiovascular Disorders

Calcified Tissue International, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 108(4), P. 439 - 451

Published: Feb. 13, 2021

Language: Английский

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The Roles of RANK/RANKL/OPG in Cardiac, Skeletal, and Smooth Muscles in Health and Disease

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: May 26, 2022

Although their physiology and functions are very different, bones, skeletal smooth muscles, as well the heart have same embryonic origin. Skeletal muscles bones interact with each other to enable breathing, kinesis, maintenance of posture. Often, muscle bone tissues degenerate synchronously under various conditions such cancers, space travel, aging, prolonged bed rest, neuromuscular diseases. In addition, tissue, share common signaling pathways. The RANK/RANKL/OPG pathway, which is essential for homeostasis, also implicated in physiological processes sarcopenia, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular Several studies reported bone-skeletal crosstalk through pathway. This review will summarize current evidence indicating that pathway involved function. First, we briefly discuss role this plays homeostasis. Then, present results from sources it a physiopathological skeletal, muscle, cardiac functions. Understanding how interferes several disorders may lead new therapeutic approaches aimed at protecting single treatment.

Language: Английский

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Genetics and Epigenetics of Bone Remodeling and Metabolic Bone Diseases

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 23(3), P. 1500 - 1500

Published: Jan. 28, 2022

Bone metabolism consists of a balance between bone formation and resorption, which is mediated by osteoblast osteoclast activity, respectively. In order to ensure plasticity, the remodeling process needs function properly. Mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into lineage activating different signaling pathways, including transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)/bone morphogenic protein (BMP) Wingless/Int-1 (Wnt)/β-catenin pathways. Recent data indicate that processes are also epigenetically regulated DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications, non-coding RNA expressions, such as micro-RNAs, long RNAs, circular RNAs. Mutations dysfunctions in pathways regulating differentiation might influence process, ultimately leading large variety metabolic diseases. this review, we aim summarize describe genetics epigenetics process. Moreover, current findings behind diseases reported.

Language: Английский

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The RANK–RANKL–OPG System: A Multifaceted Regulator of Homeostasis, Immunity, and Cancer

Medicina, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 59(10), P. 1752 - 1752

Published: Sept. 30, 2023

The RANK-RANKL-OPG system is a complex signaling pathway that plays critical role in bone metabolism, mammary epithelial cell development, immune function, and cancer. RANKL ligand binds to RANK, receptor expressed on osteoclasts, dendritic cells, T other cells. promotes osteoclast differentiation activation, which leads resorption. OPG decoy inhibits its signaling. In cancer expression often increased, can lead increased resorption the development of metastases. RANKL-neutralizing antibodies, such as denosumab, have been shown be effective treatment skeletal-related events, including osteoporosis or metastases, This review will provide comprehensive overview functions cancer, together with potential therapeutic implications RANK-RANKL for management.

Language: Английский

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Bone‐Targeted Biomimetic Nanogels Re‐Establish Osteoblast/Osteoclast Balance to Treat Postmenopausal Osteoporosis

Small, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 20(6)

Published: Oct. 4, 2023

Abstract Insufficient bone formation and excessive resorption caused by estrogen deficiency are the major factors resulting in incidence of postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP). The existing drugs usually fail to re‐establish osteoblast/osteoclast balance from both sides generate side‐effects owing lack bone‐targeting ability. Here, engineered cell‐membrane‐coated nanogels PNG@mR&C capable scavenging receptor activator nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL) responsively releasing therapeutic PTH 1–34 microenvironment prepared RANK CXCR4 overexpressed mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) membrane‐coated chitosan biopolymers. on coated‐membranes confer ability, abundant effectively absorb RANKL inhibit osteoclastogenesis. Meanwhile, release triggered osteoclast‐mediated acid promote osteogenesis. In addition, dose frequency greatly reduced due smart property, prolonged circulation time, bone‐specific accumulation. Thus, exhibits satisfactory effects ovariectomized (OVX) mouse model. This study provides a new paradigm re‐establishing metabolic homeostasis multitargets shows great promise for treatment PMOP.

Language: Английский

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ER Stress, the Unfolded Protein Response and Osteoclastogenesis: A Review

Biomolecules, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13(7), P. 1050 - 1050

Published: June 28, 2023

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and its adaptive mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR), are triggered by accumulation of misfolded proteins. During osteoclastogenesis, a large number active proteins synthesized. When an imbalance in folding process occurs, it causes osteoclasts to trigger UPR. This close association has led role UPR osteoclastogenesis being increasingly explored. In recent years, several studies have reported ER bone resorption. Here, we reviewed relevant literature discussed signaling cascade response, osteoclastogenesis-related pathways, resorption detail. It was found that signal (PERK, CHOP, IRE1-XBP1) promoted expression receptor activator nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) osteoblasts indirectly enhanced osteoclastogenesis. IRE1 via promoting NF-κB, MAPK signaling, or release pro-inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-1β, TNFα). CREBH osteoclast differentiation NFATc1 expression. The PERK pathway also through NF-κB autophagy, RANKL secretion from osteoblasts. However, salubrinal (an inhibitor eIF2α dephosphorylation upregulated p-eIF2α expression) directly inhibited suppressing Therefore, specific effects mechanisms p-PERK downstream on still need further experiments confirm. addition, exact ATF6 BiP required exploration. conclusion, our detailed systematic review provides some references for next step fully elucidate relationship between intending provide new insights treatment diseases caused over-differentiation, such as osteoporosis.

Language: Английский

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