The cafeteria diet: A standardized protocol and its effects on behavior

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 122, P. 92 - 119

Published: Dec. 10, 2020

Obesity is a major health risk, with junk food consumption playing central role in weight gain, because of its high palatability and high-energy nutrients. The Cafeteria (CAF) diet model for animal experiments consists the same tasty but unhealthy products that people eat (e.g. hot dogs muffins), considers variety, novelty secondary features, such as smell texture. This model, therefore, mimics human eating patterns better than other models. In this paper, we systematically review studies have used CAF behavioral propose standardized protocol. proposed ad libitum voluntary; combines different textures, nutrients tastes, including salty sweet products; it rotated varied. Our summary effects show alters meal patterns, reduces hedonic value rewards, tends to reduce stress spatial memory. So far, no clear were found on locomotor activity, impulsivity, coping social behavior.

Language: Английский

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Regulation of body weight: Lessons learned from bariatric surgery

Molecular Metabolism, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 68, P. 101517 - 101517

Published: May 26, 2022

Bariatric or weight loss surgery is currently the most effective treatment for obesity and metabolic disease. Unlike dieting pharmacology, its beneficial effects are sustained over decades in patients, mortality among lowest major surgery. Because there not nearly enough surgeons to implement bariatric on a global scale, intensive research efforts have begun identify mechanisms of action molecular level order replace with targeted behavioral pharmacological treatments. To date, however, no consensus as critical involved. The purpose this non-systematic review evaluate existing evidence specific inter-organ signaling pathways that play roles surgery-induced benefits, focus Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), both humans rodents. Gut-brain communication brain targets food intake control energy balance regulation complex redundant. Although relatively young science has generated number hypotheses, clear unique mechanism yet emerged. It seems increasingly likely broad physiological produced by do involve single mechanism, but rather multiple pathways. Besides need improve better validate surgeries animals, advanced techniques, including inducible, tissue-specific knockout models, use humanized traits will be necessary. State-of-the-art genetically-guided neural identification techniques should used more selectively manipulate function-specific

Language: Английский

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The neurobiological reward system and binge eating: A critical systematic review of neuroimaging studies

International Journal of Eating Disorders, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 55(11), P. 1421 - 1458

Published: July 15, 2022

Changes in reward processing are hypothesized to play a role the onset and maintenance of binge eating (BE). However, despite an increasing number studies investigating neurobiological system individuals who eat, no comprehensive systematic review exists on this topic. Therefore, has following objectives: (1) identify structural functional changes brain system, either during rest or while performing task; (2) formulate directions for future research.A search was conducted articles published until March 31, 2022. Neuroimaging were eligible if they wanted study included group eat together with comparator group. Their results summarized narrative synthesis.A total 58 included. At rest, displayed lower striatal dopamine release, change volume striatum, frontal cortex, insula, as well frontostriatal connectivity. While task, there higher activity when anticipating receiving food, more model-free reinforcement learning, habitual behavior. Most only one patient group, used general reward-related measures, did not evaluate impact comorbidities, illness duration, race, sex.Confirming previous hypotheses, finds BE. Future should compare disorders, use measures that specific BE, investigate confounding factors.This display system. These could be related sensitivity relying experiences making decisions, task is eating, look across different groups, sex.Se plantea la hipótesis de que los cambios en el procesamiento recompensa desempeñan un papel inicio y mantenimiento atracones Sin embargo, pesar número creciente estudios investigan sistema neurobiológica individuos comen atracones, existe una revisión sistemática exhaustiva sobre este tema. Por lo tanto, esta tiene siguientes objetivos: identificar estructurales funcionales cerebral, ya sea reposo o mientras se realiza tarea; formular direcciones para futuras investigaciones. MÉTODOS: Se realizó búsqueda artículos publicados hasta 31 marzo Los neuroimagen eran elegibles si querían estudiar e incluían grupo comían atracón junto con comparación. Sus resultados resumieron síntesis narrativa.Se incluyeron artículos. En reposo, mostraron menor liberación dopamina estriatal, cambio volumen del cuerpo estriado, corteza ínsula, así como conectividad frontostriatal. Al realizar tarea, hubo mayor actividad cerebral al anticipar recibir alimentos, más aprendizaje refuerzo sin modelos comportamiento habitual. La mayoría sólo pacientes, utilizaron medidas generales relacionadas evaluaron impacto las comorbilidades, duración enfermedad, raza sexo. DISCUSIÓN: Confirmando anteriores, encuentra futuros deben comparar trastornos, utilizar sean específicas comer investigar factores confusión.

Language: Английский

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Medial orbitofrontal cortex structure, function, and cognition associates with weight loss for laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy

Obesity, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 33(2), P. 308 - 320

Published: Jan. 28, 2025

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to investigate underlying mechanisms long‐term effective weight loss after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) and effects on the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) cognition. Methods A total 18 individuals with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 ) underwent LSG. Clinical data, cognitive scores, brain magnetic resonance imaging scans were evaluated before LSG 12 months We employed voxel‐based morphometry analysis seed‐based resting‐state functional connectivity (RSFC) assess LSG‐induced structural changes in mOFC. Partial correlation univariate multivariate linear regression models used explore associations among biochemical indexes, neuroimaging, cognition, loss. Results No significant improvement general cognition found Decreases gray matter volume bilateral mOFC increases RSFC right observed Weight associated RSFC, triglyceride changes. Multivariate model revealed left working memory scores at baseline explained 55.2% variation Conclusions These findings suggest that could serve as biomarkers for predicting persistent LSG, which provides a solid foundation potential target neuromodulation research.

Language: Английский

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Roles for the gut microbiota in regulating neuronal feeding circuits

Journal of Clinical Investigation, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 131(10)

Published: May 16, 2021

The gut microbiota has the capacity to affect host appetite via intestinal satiety pathways, as well complex feeding behaviors. In this Review, we highlight recent evidence that can modulate food preference across model organisms. We discuss effects of on vagus nerve and brain regions including hypothalamus, mesolimbic system, prefrontal cortex, which play key roles in regulating behavior. Crosstalk between commensal bacteria central peripheral nervous systems is associated with alterations signaling neurotransmitters neuropeptides such dopamine, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). further consider areas for future research mechanisms by microbes may influence behavior involving these neural pathways. Understanding regulation will be important informing therapeutic strategies treat metabolic eating disorders.

Language: Английский

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Opposite changes in morphometric similarity of medial reward and lateral non-reward orbitofrontal cortex circuits in obesity

NeuroImage, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 290, P. 120574 - 120574

Published: March 11, 2024

Obesity has a profound impact on metabolic health thereby adversely affecting brain structure and function. However, the majority of previous studies used single structural index to investigate link between body mass (BMI), which hinders our understanding covariance regions in obesity. This study aimed examine relationship macroscale cortical organization BMI using novel morphometric similarity networks (MSNs). The individual MSNs were first constructed from eight multimodal features regions. Then within discovery sample 434 participants was assessed. key findings further validated an independent 192 participants. We observed that lateral non-reward orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC) exhibited decoupling (i.e., reduction integration) obesity, mainly manifested by its with cognitive systems DMN FPN) while medial reward (mOFC) showed de-differentiation decrease distinctiveness) represented attention VAN). Additionally, lOFC visual system mOFC hyper-coupling sensory-motor As important step revealing role underlying variability, present presents mechanism underlies reward-control interaction imbalance thus can inform future weight-management approaches.

Language: Английский

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Does ‘portion size’ matter? Brain responses to food and non-food cues presented in varying amounts

Appetite, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 196, P. 107289 - 107289

Published: Feb. 28, 2024

Language: Английский

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Phloretin ameliorates hepatic steatosis through regulation of lipogenesis and Sirt1/AMPK signaling in obese mice

Cell & Bioscience, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 10(1)

Published: Sept. 29, 2020

Phloretin is isolated from apple trees and could increase lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Previous studies have found that phloretin prevent obesity mice. In this study, we investigated whether ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice, evaluated the regulation of lipid metabolism hepatocytes.HepG2 cells were treated with 0.5 mM oleic acid to induce accumulation, then evaluate molecular mechanism lipogenesis. another experiment, male C57BL/6 mice fed normal or HFD (60% fat, w/w) for 16 weeks. After fourth week, without by intraperitoneal injection 12 weeks.Phloretin significantly reduced excessive accumulation decreased sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c, blocking expression synthase acid-induced HepG2 cells. increased Sirt1, phosphorylation AMP activated kinase suppress acetyl-CoA carboxylase expression, reducing synthesis hepatocytes. also body weight fat compared untreated HFD-fed improved hepatocyte steatosis tissue suppressed transcription factors lipogenesis synthase, β-oxidation. Furthermore, regulated serum leptin, adiponectin, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, free levels mice.These findings suggest improves hepatic regulating Sirt-1/AMPK pathway liver.

Language: Английский

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Obesity-induced astrocyte dysfunction impairs heterosynaptic plasticity in the orbitofrontal cortex

Cell Reports, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 36(7), P. 109563 - 109563

Published: Aug. 1, 2021

Overconsumption of highly palatable, energy-dense food is considered a key driver the obesity pandemic. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) critical for reward valuation gustatory signals, yet how OFC adapts to obesogenic diets poorly understood. Here, we show that extended access cafeteria diet impairs astrocyte glutamate clearance, which leads heterosynaptic depression GABA transmission onto pyramidal neurons OFC. This decrease in tone due an increase extrasynaptic glutamate, acts via metabotropic receptors liberate endocannabinoids. induction endocannabinoid-mediated long-term plasticity. nutritional supplement, N-acetylcysteine rescues this cascade synaptic impairments by restoring astrocytic transport. Together, our findings indicate targets astrocytes disrupt delicate balance between excitatory and inhibitory

Language: Английский

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Deep learning‐based BMI inference from structural brain MRI reflects brain alterations following lifestyle intervention

Human Brain Mapping, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 45(3)

Published: Feb. 15, 2024

Abstract Obesity is associated with negative effects on the brain. We exploit Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools to explore whether differences in clinical measurements following lifestyle interventions overweight population could be reflected brain morphology. In DIRECT‐PLUS trial, participants criterion for metabolic syndrome underwent an 18‐month intervention. Structural MRIs were acquired before and after utilized ensemble learning framework predict Body‐Mass Index (BMI) scores, which correspond adiposity‐related from MRIs. revealed that patient‐specific reduction BMI predictions was actual weight loss significantly higher active diet groups compared a control group. Moreover, explainable AI (XAI) maps highlighted regions contributing distinct age prediction. Our analysis results imply predicted its are unique neural biomarkers obesity‐related modifications loss.

Language: Английский

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