Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age

Trends in Neurosciences, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 37(1), P. 1 - 9

Published: Nov. 25, 2013

•Photoreceptive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) regulate behavior and physiology.•ipRGCs use melanopsin-dependent intrinsic light responses rod/cone inputs.•The relative contribution of each photoreceptor to evoked is not fully understood.•A method for quantifying presented that accounts complex photoreceptive inputs.•Guidance those designing architectural therapeutic lighting provided. Light a potent stimulus regulating circadian, hormonal, behavioral systems. In addition, therapy effective certain affective disorders, sleep problems, circadian rhythm disruption. These biological effects are influenced by distinct in the eye, melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive (ipRGCs), addition conventional rods cones. We summarize neurophysiology this newly described sensory pathway consider implications measurement, production, application light. A new light-measurement strategy taking account inputs these non-visual proposed researchers, simple suggestions artificial/architectural provided regulatory authorities, manufacturers, designers, engineers. During past three decades, empirical evidence has demonstrated many aspects human physiology illumination [1Aschoff J. Biological Rhythms (Handbook Behavioral Neurobiology No. 4). Plenum, 1981Google Scholar, 2Wurtman R.J. et al.The Medical Effects Light. The New York Academy Sciences, 1985Google 3Wetterberg L. Man. Pergamon Press, 1993Google 4Lam R.W. Beyond Seasonal Affective Disorder: Treatment SAD non-SAD Disorders. American Psychiatric 1996Google Scholar]. Such originate eye but separate from other vision insofar as they unrelated particular spatial patterns exposure, can survive even some blind subjects. Consequently, types have been commonly referred non-image-forming or non-visual. catch-all terms encompass wide array response types. most influential light-induced phase resetting endogenous clocks. Because rhythmicity feature nearly every physiological, metabolic, system, phenomenon brings processes under indirect control. this, term come growing list more acute together ensure day-like physiological state. Thus, example, constricts pupil, suppresses pineal melatonin increases heart rate core body temperature, stimulates cortisol acts neurophysiological stimulant (increasing subjective objective measures alertness psychomotor reaction time, reducing lapses attention). Appreciation basic biology led development number applications. shown anti-depressant properties, particularly treatment seasonal disorder (SAD) its subclinical variant sSAD [3Wetterberg Appropriately timed exposure also developed circadian-rhythm disorders disruption associated with jetlag, shift work, space flight. Finally, explored non-seasonal depression, menstrual-cycle-related bulimia nervosa, cognitive fatigue problems senile dementia, chemotherapy, traumatic brain injury 5Tuunainen A. al.Light depression.Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2004; 2: 1-83Google 6J. Biol. Rhythms. 2005; 20: 279-386Crossref PubMed Scopus (177) Google on evolved over millennia which environmental reliable indicator time day. advent electrical disrupted relationship, now reflecting personal tastes social pressures. It important therefore incorporated into considerations design. one might ask what extent given replicates natural daylight; how could be employed minimize deleterious shiftwork while promoting safety; optimized. industry academic researchers started address [7CIE Ocular Lighting Human Physiology Behaviour. Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage, 2009Google 8IES Health: An Overview Impact Optical Radiation Visual, Circadian, Neuroendocrine Neurobehavioural Responses. Illuminating Engineering Society North America, 2008Google 9DIN Physics – Part 100: Non-visual Beings Quantities, Symbols Action Spectra. Deutsches Institut fur Normung, Progress endeavors, however, first requires appropriate quantification impacts behavior. There two broad categories measurement techniques: radiometry photometry [10DiLaura D.L. al.Lighting Handbook. Reference Application.10th ed. 2011Google Radiometry based characterizing physical properties wavelength energy. radiometer quantifies radiant power defined bandwidth electromagnetic Photometry specialized branch takes fact photoreceptors equally sensitive at all wavelengths. photometer uses filters weight detector different wavelengths according spectral sensitivity an aspect vision. Most commercially available photometers weighting function termed photopic luminous efficiency (or Vλ), reflects long- middle-wavelength-sensitive cones [11CIE l'Éclairage Proceedings, 1924, Cambridge University Press1926Google Depending geometric interest, intensity (units lumens/sr candelas, cd), luminance (cd/m2), illuminance (lm/m2 lux) determined output devices. Between 1980 2000, great majority studies endocrine, behavioral, quantified stimuli (lux) lux meters were readily inexpensive because tool choice photographic professions. Two related branches investigation since practice inadequate. 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Light as a central modulator of circadian rhythms, sleep and affect

Nature reviews. Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 15(7), P. 443 - 454

Published: June 11, 2014

Language: Английский

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Pupillometry: Psychology, Physiology, and Function

Journal of Cognition, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 1(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2018

Pupils respond to three distinct kinds of stimuli: they constrict in response brightness (the pupil light response), near fixation and dilate increases arousal mental effort, either triggered by an external stimulus or spontaneously. In this review, I describe these responses, how are related high-level cognition, the neural pathways that control them. also discuss functional relevance is, responses help us better see world. Although likely serve many functions, not all which fully understood, one important function is optimize vision for acuity (small pupils sharper) depth field sharply at a wider range distances), sensitivity (large able detect faint stimuli); change their size particular situation. ways, similar other eye movements, such as saccades smooth pursuit: like have properties both reflexive voluntary action, part active visual exploration.

Language: Английский

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Autonomic Control of the Eye

Comprehensive physiology, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 439 - 473

Published: Dec. 23, 2014

The autonomic nervous system influences numerous ocular functions. It does this by way of parasympathetic innervation from postganglionic fibers that originate neurons in the ciliary and pterygopalatine ganglia, sympathetic superior cervical ganglion. Ciliary ganglion project to body sphincter pupillae muscle iris control accommodation pupil constriction, respectively. Superior dilator dilation. Ocular blood flow is controlled both via direct on vasculature optic nerve, choroid, body, iris, as well indirect retinal flow. In mammals, innervated vasodilatory ganglion, vasoconstrictive Intraocular pressure regulated primarily through balance aqueous humor formation outflow. Autonomic regulation vessels epithelium an important determinant formation; trabecular meshwork episcleral These tissues are all ganglia. addition these classical pathways, trigeminal sensory exert local, intrinsic many regions eye, some within

Language: Английский

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High sensitivity and interindividual variability in the response of the human circadian system to evening light

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 116(24), P. 12019 - 12024

Published: May 28, 2019

Before the invention of electric lighting, humans were primarily exposed to intense (>300 lux) or dim (<30 environmental light-stimuli at extreme ends circadian system's dose-response curve light. Today, spend hours per day intermediate light intensities (30-300 lux), particularly in evening. Interindividual differences sensitivity evening this intensity range could therefore represent a source vulnerability disruption by modern lighting. We characterized individual-level curves light-induced melatonin suppression using within-subjects protocol. Fifty-five participants (aged 18-30) control (<1 and experimental levels (10-2,000 lux for 5 h) Melatonin was determined each level, effective dose 50% (ED50) computed individual group levels. The group-level fitted ED50 24.60 lux, indicating that system is highly sensitive typical indoor Light 10, 30, 50 resulted later apparent onsets 22, 77, 109 min, respectively. Individual-level values ranged over an order magnitude (6 most individual, 350 least individual), with 26% coefficient variation. These findings demonstrate same evening-light environment registered very differently between individuals. This interindividual variability may be important factor determining clock's role human health disease.

Language: Английский

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Recommendations for daytime, evening, and nighttime indoor light exposure to best support physiology, sleep, and wakefulness in healthy adults

PLoS Biology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 20(3), P. e3001571 - e3001571

Published: March 17, 2022

Ocular light exposure has important influences on human health and well-being through modulation of circadian rhythms sleep, as well neuroendocrine cognitive functions. Prevailing patterns do not optimally engage these actions for many individuals, but advances in our understanding the underpinning mechanisms emerging lighting technologies now present opportunities to adjust promote optimal physical mental performance. A newly developed, international standard provides a SI-compliant way quantifying influence intrinsically photosensitive, melanopsin-expressing, retinal neurons that mediate effects. The report recommendations lighting, based an expert scientific consensus expressed easily measured quantity (melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance (melaponic EDI)) defined within this standard. are supported by detailed analysis sensitivity circadian, neuroendocrine, alerting responses ocular provide straightforward framework inform design practice.

Language: Английский

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Melanopsin and the Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells: Biophysics to Behavior

Neuron, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 104(2), P. 205 - 226

Published: Oct. 1, 2019

Language: Английский

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Protecting the Melatonin Rhythm through Circadian Healthy Light Exposure

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 15(12), P. 23448 - 23500

Published: Dec. 17, 2014

Currently, in developed countries, nights are excessively illuminated (light at night), whereas daytime is mainly spent indoors, and thus people exposed to much lower light intensities than under natural conditions. In spite of the positive impact artificial light, we pay a price for easy access during night: disorganization our circadian system or chronodisruption (CD), including perturbations melatonin rhythm. Epidemiological studies show that CD associated with an increased incidence diabetes, obesity, heart disease, cognitive affective impairment, premature aging some types cancer. Knowledge retinal photoreceptors discovery melanopsin ganglion cells demonstrate intensity, timing spectrum must be considered keep biological clock properly entrained. Importantly, not all wavelengths equally chronodisrupting. Blue which particularly beneficial daytime, seems more disruptive night, induces strongest inhibition. Nocturnal blue exposure currently increasing, due proliferation energy-efficient lighting (LEDs) electronic devices. Thus, development systems preserve rhythm could reduce health risks induced by chronodisruption. This review addresses state art regarding crosstalk between system.

Language: Английский

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Melanopic illuminance defines the magnitude of human circadian light responses under a wide range of conditions

Journal of Pineal Research, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 69(1)

Published: April 5, 2020

Abstract Ocular light drives a range of nonvisual responses in humans including suppression melatonin secretion and circadian phase resetting. These are driven by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) which combine intrinsic, melanopsin‐based, phototransduction with extrinsic rod/cone‐mediated signals. As result this arrangement, it has remained unclear how best to quantify predict its effects. To address this, we analysed data from nineteen different laboratory studies that measured suppression, resetting and/or alerting wide array stimulus types, intensities durations or without pupil dilation. Using newly established SI‐compliant metrics ipRGC‐influenced light, show melanopic illuminance consistently provides the available predictor for human system. In almost all cases, is able fully account differences sensitivity stimuli varying spectral composition, acting drive track variations illumination characteristic those encountered over civil twilight (~1‐1000 lux equivalent daylight illuminance). Collectively, our demonstrate widespread utility as metric predicting impact environmental illumination. therefore provide strong support use basis guidelines seek regulate exposure benefit health inform future lighting design.

Language: Английский

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Standards in Pupillography

Frontiers in Neurology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: Feb. 21, 2019

The number of research groups studying the pupil is increasing, as publications. Consequently, new standards in pupillography are needed to formalize methodology including recording conditions, stimulus characteristics, well suitable parameters evaluation. Since description intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) there has been an increased interest and broader application ophthalmology other fields psychology chronobiology. Colour plays important role not only but also clinical observational therapy studies like gene hereditary degenerations psychopathology. Stimuli can vary size, brightness, duration, wavelength. Stimulus paradigms determine whether rhodopsin-driven rod responses, opsin-driven cone or melanopsin-driven ipRGC responses primarily elicited. Background illumination, adaptation state, instruction for participants will furthermore influence results. This standard recommends a minimum set variables be used specified publication methodologies. Initiated at 32nd International Pupil Colloquium 2017 Morges, Switzerland, aim this manuscript outline based on current knowledge experience experts order achieve greater comparability pupillographic studies. Such particularly facilitate proper by researchers field. First we describe general standards, followed specific suggestions concerning demands different targets research: afferent efferent reflex arc, pharmacology, psychology, sleepiness-related animal

Language: Английский

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