American Journal of Reproductive Immunology,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
85(2)
Published: Oct. 29, 2020
Abstract
Extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
are
heterogeneous
membranous
secreted
by
every
cell
type
and
offer
significant
potential
in
therapy
diagnostics.
Differential
ultracentrifugation
is
the
gold
standard
for
EV
isolation,
although
other
techniques
including,
polyethylene
glycol
(PEG)
precipitation,
immunoprecipitation,
size
exclusion
chromatography,
immuno‐isolation
approaches
common.
Purified
EVs
can
be
characterized
based
on
their
physical
characteristics,
biochemical
composition,
or
of
origin.
For
concentration
measurement,
nanoparticle
tracking
analysis
(NTA),
dynamic
light
scattering
(DLS),
electron
microscopy
commonly
employed
methods.
Biochemical
analyses
typically
performed
using
flow
cytometry,
immunoblotting,
proteomic
investigation.
Based
tissue
origin,
have
specific
markers
that
used
to
isolate
purify
cell‐associated
an
affinity
selection
approach.
Despite
existence
several
methods
isolation
characterization,
major
limitations
associated
with
each
method
hinder
progress
field.
Evolving
concepts
biology
possess
great
promise
better
characterization
leading
a
insight
biological
function
immense
clinical
implications.
In
this
review,
we
discuss
recent
advancements
approaches.
Reproduction,
Journal Year:
2009,
Volume and Issue:
138(2), P. 195 - 209
Published: June 6, 2009
Uterine
receptivity
to
implantation
of
blastocysts
in
mammals
includes
hatching
from
zona
pellucida,
precontact
with
uterine
luminal
(LE)
and
superficial
glandular
(sGE)
epithelia
orientation
blastocyst,
apposition
between
trophectoderm
LE
sGE,
adhesion
LE/sGE,
and,
some
species,
limited
or
extensive
invasion
into
the
endometrial
stroma
induction
decidualization
stromal
cells.
These
peri-implantation
events
are
prerequisites
for
pregnancy
recognition
signaling,
implantation,
placentation
required
fetal–placental
growth
development
through
remainder
pregnancy.
Although
there
is
a
range
strategies
mammals,
common
feature
requirement
progesterone
(P
4
)
downregulate
expression
its
receptors
P
prior
events.
then
mediates
effects
via
factors
expressed
by
cells
most
species;
however,
epithelium
may
express
factor
response
and/or
estrogens
species
true
epitheliochorial
placenta.
There
also
compelling
evidence
that
involves
temporal
cell-specific
interferon
(IFN)-stimulated
genes
be
induced
directly
an
IFN
stimulated
IFN.
have
many
roles
including
nutrient
transport,
cellular
remodeling,
angiogenesis
relaxation
vascular
tissues,
cell
proliferation
migration,
establishment
antiviral
state,
protection
conceptus
tissues
challenges
maternal
immune
Biology of Reproduction,
Journal Year:
2004,
Volume and Issue:
71(1), P. 2 - 10
Published: July 1, 2004
Progesterone
is
unequivocally
required
for
maternal
support
of
conceptus
(embryo/fetus
and
associated
extraembryonic
membranes)
survival
development.
In
cyclic
sheep,
progesterone
paradoxically
involved
in
suppressing
then
initiating
development
the
endometrial
luteolytic
mechanism.
pregnant
negatively
autoregulates
receptor
(PR)
gene
expression
luminal
(LE)
superficial
glandular
epithelium
(GE).
PR
loss
closely
followed
by
increases
epithelial
estrogen
(ERα)
oxytocin
(OTR),
allowing
to
induce
uterine
release
prostaglandin
F2α
pulses.
produces
interferon
tau
(IFNτ)
that
acts
on
endometrium
inhibit
transcription
ERα
thus
After
Day
13
pregnancy,
epithelia
do
not
express
PR,
whereas
stroma
myometrium
remain
positive.
The
absence
GE
onset
differentiated
function
glands
during
pregnancy.
sequential,
overlapping
actions
progesterone,
IFNτ,
placental
lactogen
(PL),
growth
hormone
(GH)
comprise
a
hormonal
servomechanism
regulates
gland
morphogenesis
terminal
gestation.
pigs,
estrogen,
pregnancy-recognition
signal,
fibroblast
factor
7
(FGF-7)
LE
that,
turn,
stimulates
proliferation
functions
trophectoderm,
which
expresses
FGF-7.
Strategic
manipulation
these
physiological
mechanisms
may
offer
therapeutic
schemes
improve
capacity,
survival,
reproductive
health
domestic
animals
humans.
Molecular Human Reproduction,
Journal Year:
2009,
Volume and Issue:
16(3), P. 135 - 152
Published: Oct. 30, 2009
Uterine
receptivity
to
implantation
varies
among
species,
and
involves
changes
in
expression
of
genes
that
are
coordinate
with
attachment
trophectoderm
uterine
lumenal
superficial
glandular
epithelia,
modification
phenotype
stromal
cells,
silencing
receptors
for
progesterone
estrogen,
suppression
immune
recognition,
alterations
membrane
permeability
enhance
conceptus-maternal
exchange
factors,
angiogenesis
vasculogenesis,
increased
vascularity
the
endometrium,
activation
transport
nutrients
into
lumen,
enhanced
signaling
pregnancy
recognition.Differential
by
epithelial
cells
response
progesterone,
glucocorticoids,
prostaglandins
interferons
may
influence
mammals.Uterine
is
progesterone-dependent;
however,
preceded
loss
(PGR)
so
most
likely
acts
via
PGR-positive
throughout
pregnancy.Endogenous
retroviruses
expressed
uterus
and/or
blastocyst
also
affect
placentation
various
species.Understanding
roles
variety
hormones,
growth
factors
endogenous
retroviral
proteins
essential
enhancing
reproductive
health
fertility
humans
domestic
animals.
Reproduction,
Journal Year:
2008,
Volume and Issue:
135(2), P. 165 - 179
Published: Jan. 31, 2008
This
review
summarizes
new
knowledge
on
expression
of
genes
and
provides
insights
into
approaches
for
study
conceptus-endometrial
interactions
in
ruminants
with
emphasis
the
peri-implantation
stage
pregnancy.
Conceptus-endometrial
are
complex
involve
carefully
orchestrated
temporal
spatial
alterations
gene
regulated
by
hormones
from
ovary
conceptus.
Progesterone
is
hormone
pregnancy
acts
uterus
to
stimulate
blastocyst
survival,
growth,
development.
Inadequate
progesterone
levels
or
a
delayed
rise
associated
loss.
The
mononuclear
trophectoderm
cells
elongating
synthesize
secrete
interferon-tau
(IFNT),
recognition
signal.
Trophoblast
giant
binucleate
begin
differentiate
produce
including
chorionic
somatomammotropin
1
(CSH1
placental
lactogen).
A
number
genes,
induced
stimulated
progesterone,
IFNT,
and/or
CSH1
cell-specific
manner,
implicated
adhesion
endometrial
luminal
epithelium
regulation
conceptus
growth
differentiation.
Transcriptional
profiling
experiments
beginning
unravel
dynamics
cattle
sheep.
Future
should
incorporate
physiological
models
loss
be
complemented
metabolomic
studies
uterine
lumen
contents
more
completely
define
factors
required
implantation.
Both
reduction
holistic
will
important
understand
multifactorial
phenomenon
recurrent
provide
basis
strategies
improve
outcome
reproductive
efficiency
other
domestic
animals.
Clinical Cancer Research,
Journal Year:
2004,
Volume and Issue:
10(1), P. 184 - 190
Published: Jan. 1, 2004
Osteopontin
(OPN)
is
an
integrin-binding
protein
overexpressed
in
various
experimental
models
of
malignancy
and
appears
to
be
involved
tumorigenesis
metastasis.
Although
studies
have
assessed
OPN
levels
several
tumor
types,
a
broad
survey
expression
human
neoplasia
under
the
same
conditions
has
not
been
carried
out.We
used
immunohistochemistry
detect
selection
350
tumors
113
normal
tissues,
from
variety
body
sites,
using
stage-oriented
cancer
tissue
arrays.
Tumors
included
malignancies
breast
(26),
ovary
(22),
endometrium
(14),
esophagus
(10),
stomach
(11),
pancreas
(16),
bile
duct
(1),
liver
(9),
colon
(20),
kidney
(53),
bladder
(33),
prostate
(28),
head
neck
(60),
salivary
glands
lung
(17),
skin
(6),
brain
(10).High
cytoplasmic
staining
was
observed
100%
gastric
carcinomas,
85%
colorectal
82%
transitional
cell
carcinomas
renal
pelvis,
81%
pancreatic
72%
71%
endometrial
70%
esophageal
58%
squamous
neck,
59%
ovarian
carcinomas.
identified
good
number
bladder,
prostate,
tumors,
majority
6
cancers,
11
14
gland
2
thyroid
23
26
cancers
revealed
low
positivity
or
were
negative.
When
considering
all
significantly
correlated
with
stage
(Spearman's
correlation
coefficient,
P
=
0.0002).
score
also
for
specific
sites
including
(P
0.01),
0.004),
0.0001),
larynx
0.035),
mouth
0.046),
0.011).This
study
reports
distribution
different
suggesting
involvement
this
formation.
The
strong
between
pathological
across
multiple
types
suggests
role
progression.
Reproduction,
Journal Year:
2004,
Volume and Issue:
128(6), P. 657 - 668
Published: Dec. 1, 2004
Implantation
in
all
mammals
involves
shedding
of
the
zona
pellucida,
followed
by
orientation,
apposition,
attachment
and
adhesion
blastocyst
to
endometrium.
Endometrial
invasion
does
not
occur
domestic
ruminants;
thus,
definitive
implantation
is
achieved
mononuclear
trophoblast
cells
endometrial
lumenal
epithelium
(LE)
formation
syncytia
fusion
binucleate
with
LE.
This
review
highlights
new
information
on
mechanisms
regulating
cascade
sheep.
The
embryo
enters
uterus
day
4
at
morula
stage
development
then
develops
into
a
6.
sheds
pellucida
(day
8),
elongates
filamentous
form
(days
11–16),
adheres
LE
16).
Between
days
14
16,
begin
differentiate
subsequently
migrate
fuse
syncytia.
Continuous
exposure
endometrium
progesterone
early
pregnancy
downregulates
receptors
epithelia,
process
which
associated
loss
cell-surface
mucin
MUC1
induction
several
secreted
proteins.
Recurrent
uterine
gland
knockout
ewe
model
indicates
that
secretions
epithelia
have
physiologic
role
elongation
implantation.
A
number
proteins
been
identified
as
potential
regulators
sheep,
including
glycosylated
cell
molecule
1
(GlyCAM-1),
galectin-15,
integrins
osteopontin.
epithelial
derived
(GlyCAM-1,
galectin-15
osteopontin)
are
expressed
dynamic
temporal
spatial
manner
regulated
and/or
interferon
tau,
recognition
signal
produced
during
elongation.
noninvasive
protracted
nature
animals
provides
valuable
opportunities
investigate
fundamental
processes
shared
among
mammals.
Understanding
cellular
molecular
signals
regulate
receptivity
can
be
used
diagnose
identify
causes
recurrent
improve
outcome
humans.
Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology,
Journal Year:
2004,
Volume and Issue:
2(1)
Published: July 5, 2004
Establishment
and
maintenance
of
pregnancy
results
from
signaling
by
the
conceptus
(embryo/fetus
associated
extraembryonic
membranes)
requires
progesterone
produced
corpus
luteum
(CL).
In
most
mammals,
hormones
trophoblast
maintain
production
acting
directly
or
indirectly
to
CL.
domestic
animals
(ruminants
pigs),
are
antiluteolytic
in
that
they
act
on
endometrium
prevent
uterine
release
luteolytic
prostaglandin
F2
alpha
(PGF).
cyclic
pregnant
sheep,
negatively
autoregulates
expression
receptor
(PR)
gene
endometrial
luminal
(LE)
superficial
glandular
epithelium
(GE).
Available
evidence
sheep
indicates
loss
PR
is
closely
followed
increases
epithelial
estrogen
receptors
(ER)
then
oxytocin
(OTR),
allowing
induce
PGF
pulses.
produces
interferon
tau
(IFN
tau)
acts
inhibit
transcription
ER
OTR
abrogate
development
mechanism.
Subsequently,
sequential,
overlapping
actions
progesterone,
IFN
tau,
placental
lactogen
(PL)
growth
hormone
(GH)
comprise
a
hormonal
servomechanism
regulates
gland
morphogenesis
terminal
differentiated
function
sheep.
pigs,
alters
direction
secretion
an
endocrine
exocrine
direction,
thereby
sequestering
within
lumen.
Conceptus
also
fibroblast
factor
7
(FGF-7)
LE
that,
turn,
stimulates
proliferation
functions
trophectoderm,
which
expresses
FGF-7
receptor.
Strategic
manipulation
these
physiological
mechanisms
can
offer
therapeutic
schemes
improve
capacity,
survival
reproductive
health.