Tumor biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and targeted therapy

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: May 20, 2024

Abstract Tumor biomarkers, the substances which are produced by tumors or body’s responses to during tumorigenesis and progression, have been demonstrated possess critical encouraging value in screening early diagnosis, prognosis prediction, recurrence detection, therapeutic efficacy monitoring of cancers. Over past decades, continuous progress has made exploring discovering novel, sensitive, specific, accurate tumor significantly promoted personalized medicine improved outcomes cancer patients, especially advances molecular biology technologies developed for detection biomarkers. Herein, we summarize discovery development including history conventional innovative used biomarker classification biomarkers based on tissue origins, application clinical management. In particular, highlight recent advancements biomarker-based anticancer-targeted therapies emerging as breakthroughs promising strategies. We also discuss limitations challenges that need be addressed provide insights perspectives turn into opportunities this field. Collectively, multiple emphasized review may guidance precision medicine, broaden horizons future research directions, expedite patients according their rather than organs origin.

Language: Английский

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Aging and cancer

Molecular Cancer, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 23(1)

Published: May 18, 2024

Abstract Aging and cancer exhibit apparent links that we will examine in this review. The null hypothesis aging coincide because both are driven by time, irrespective of the precise causes, can be confronted with idea share common mechanistic grounds referred to as ‘hallmarks’. Indeed, several hallmarks also contribute carcinogenesis tumor progression, but some molecular cellular characteristics may reduce probability developing lethal cancer, perhaps explaining why very old age (> 90 years) is accompanied a reduced incidence neoplastic diseases. We discuss possibility process itself causes meaning time-dependent degradation supracellular functions accompanies produces byproduct or ‘age-associated disease’. Conversely, its treatment erode health drive process, has dramatically been documented for survivors diagnosed during childhood, adolescence, young adulthood. conclude connected superior including endogenous lifestyle factors, well bidirectional crosstalk, together render not only risk factor an important parameter must considered therapeutic decisions.

Language: Английский

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Cold and hot tumors: from molecular mechanisms to targeted therapy

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: Oct. 18, 2024

Immunotherapy has made significant strides in cancer treatment, particularly through immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), which shown notable clinical benefits across various tumor types. Despite the transformative impact of ICB treatment therapy, only a minority patients exhibit positive response to it. In with solid tumors, those who respond well typically demonstrate an active profile referred as "hot" (immune-inflamed) phenotype. On other hand, non-responsive may distinct "cold" (immune-desert) phenotype, differing from features tumors. Additionally, there is more nuanced "excluded" positioned between and categories, known type. Effective differentiation understanding intrinsic factors, characteristics, TME, external factors are critical for predicting results. It widely accepted that therapy exerts profound effect on limited efficacy against or "altered" necessitating combinations therapeutic modalities enhance cell infiltration into tissue convert tumors ones. Therefore, aligning traits this review systematically delineates respective influencing extensively discusses varied approaches drug targets based assess efficacy.

Language: Английский

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Protein neddylation and its role in health and diseases

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: April 4, 2024

Abstract NEDD8 (Neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated protein 8) is an ubiquitin-like that covalently attached to a lysine residue of substrate through process known as neddylation, catalyzed by the enzyme cascade, namely activating (E1), conjugating (E2), and ligase (E3). The substrates neddylation are categorized into cullins non-cullin proteins. Neddylation activates CRLs (cullin RING ligases), largest family E3 ligases, whereas alters their stability activity, well subcellular localization. Significantly, pathway and/or many abnormally activated or over-expressed in various human diseases, such metabolic disorders, liver dysfunction, neurodegenerative cancers, among others. Thus, targeting becomes attractive strategy for treatment these diseases. In this review, we first provide general introduction on its biochemical regulation, crystal structures enzymes complex with cullin substrates; then discuss how governs key biological processes via modification substrates. We further review literature data dysregulated several particularly cancer, followed outline current efforts discovery small molecule inhibitors promising therapeutic approach. Finally, few perspectives were proposed extensive future investigations.

Language: Английский

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Nanomedomics

ACS Nano, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 18(17), P. 10979 - 11024

Published: April 18, 2024

Nanomaterials have attractive physicochemical properties. A variety of nanomaterials such as inorganic, lipid, polymers, and protein nanoparticles been widely developed for nanomedicine via chemical conjugation or physical encapsulation bioactive molecules. Superior to traditional drugs, nanomedicines offer high biocompatibility, good water solubility, long blood circulation times, tumor-targeting Capitalizing on this, several nanoformulations already clinically approved many others are currently being studied in clinical trials. Despite their undoubtful success, the molecular mechanism action vast majority remains poorly understood. To tackle this limitation, herein, review critically discusses strategy applying multiomics analysis study nanomedicines, named nanomedomics, including advantages, applications, future directions. comprehensive understanding could provide valuable insight therefore foster development translation nanomedicines.

Language: Английский

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Cancer, metastasis, and the epigenome

Molecular Cancer, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 23(1)

Published: Aug. 2, 2024

Abstract Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide and disease burden expected to increase globally throughout next several decades, with majority cancer-related deaths occurring in metastatic disease. Cancers exhibit known hallmarks that endow them increased survival proliferative capacities, frequently as a result de-stabilizing mutations. However, genomic features resolve clones from primary tumors are not yet well-characterized, no mutational landscape has been identified predictive metastasis. Further, many cancers mutation signature. This suggests larger role for non-mutational genome re-organization promoting cancer evolution dissemination. In this review, we highlight current critical needs understanding cell state transitions clonal selection advantages cells. We examine links between epigenetic states, structure, misregulation tumor suppressors oncogenes, discuss how recent technologies domain-scale regulation have leveraged more complete picture oncogenic potential.

Language: Английский

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Multi-stage mechanisms of tumor metastasis and therapeutic strategies

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: Oct. 11, 2024

The cascade of metastasis in tumor cells, exhibiting organ-specific tendencies, may occur at numerous phases the disease and progress under intense evolutionary pressures. Organ-specific relies on formation pre-metastatic niche (PMN), with diverse cell types complex interactions contributing to this concept, adding a new dimension traditional cascade. Prior metastatic dissemination, as orchestrators PMN formation, primary tumor-derived extracellular vesicles prepare fertile microenvironment for settlement colonization circulating cells distant secondary sites, significantly impacting cancer progression outcomes. Obviously, solely intervening sites passively after macrometastasis is often insufficient. Early prediction holistic, macro-level control represent future directions therapy. This review emphasizes dynamic intricate systematic alterations that progresses, illustrates immunological landscape creation, deepens understanding treatment modalities pertinent metastasis, thereby identifying some prognostic predictive biomarkers favorable early predict occurrence design appropriate combinations.

Language: Английский

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Epigenetic regulation in cancer therapy: From mechanisms to clinical advances

MedComm – Oncology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 3(1)

Published: Jan. 4, 2024

Abstract Epigenetic regulation refers to the alteration of gene expression independent changes in DNA sequence. It involves chemical modifications such as methylation, histone and acetylation, which are regulated by a coordinated interplay various regulators ensure precise spatial temporal expression. aberrations commonly observed cancer considered hallmarks cancer. In recent years, small molecules targeting specific epigenetic have been developed demonstrating promising therapeutic potential preclinical clinical trials for treatment. this review, we summarize essential regulatory mechanisms dysfunctions involved acetylation during tumor development progression. Moreover, discuss current advances challenges therapy that target these both hematologic malignancies solid tumors. Finally, combining drugs with other therapies, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, approach Overall, aim enhance understanding explore strategies based on mechanisms, ultimately advance improve patient prognosis.

Language: Английский

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Epigenetic regulation in cancer

MedComm, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 5(2)

Published: Feb. 1, 2024

Abstract Epigenetic modifications are defined as heritable changes in gene activity that do not involve the underlying DNA sequence. The oncogenic process is driven by accumulation of alterations impact genome's structure and function. Genetic mutations, which directly disrupt sequence, complemented epigenetic modulate expression, thereby facilitating acquisition malignant characteristics. Principals among these shifts methylation histone mark patterns, promote tumor development metastasis. Notably, reversible nature alterations, opposed to permanence genetic changes, positions machinery a prime target discovery novel therapeutics. Our review delves into complexities regulation, exploring its profound effects on initiation, metastatic behavior, metabolic pathways, microenvironment. We place particular emphasis dysregulation at each level modulation, including but limited to, aberrations enzymes responsible for modification, subunit loss or fusions chromatin remodeling complexes, disturbances higher‐order structure. Finally, we also evaluate therapeutic approaches leverage growing understanding dysregulation, offering new avenues cancer treatment.

Language: Английский

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The Epigenetic Hallmarks of Cancer

Cancer Discovery, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(10), P. 1783 - 1809

Published: Oct. 4, 2024

Abstract Cancer is a complex disease in which several molecular and cellular pathways converge to foster the tumoral phenotype. Notably, latest iteration of cancer hallmarks, “nonmutational epigenetic reprogramming” was newly added. However, epigenetics, much like genetics, broad scientific area that deserves further attention due its multiple roles initiation, progression, adaptive nature. Herein, we present detailed examination hallmarks affected human cancer, elucidating genes involved, dissecting disrupted landscapes for DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin architecture define disease. Significance: characterized by constant evolution, spanning from initial premalignant stages advanced invasive disseminated stages. It pathology able adapt survive amidst hostile microenvironments diverse treatments implemented medical professionals. The more fixed setup genetic structure cannot fully provide transformed cells with tools but rapid plastic nature changes ready task. This review summarizes ecological success our bodies.

Language: Английский

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