Extracellular Vesicle,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
3, P. 100044 - 100044
Published: May 13, 2024
Spinal
cord
injury
(SCI)
is
the
damage
to
spinal
causing
paralysis
below
site
compromised
patient
life
quality.
Exosomes
are
nanosized
vesicles
released
during
physiological
or
pathological
processes.
They
present
a
promising
avenue
for
therapeutic
drug
delivery
due
their
tissue
specificity
and
biocompatibility,
offering
enhanced
efficacy
with
reduced
accumulation-based
toxicity.
In
SCI,
exosomes
target
inflammation,
apoptosis,
microglial
polarization,
autophagy,
contributing
interventions.
This
article
comprehensively
explores
pathophysiology
of
diverse
exosome
synthesis
processes,
limitations
challenges
overcome,
potential
from
various
cellular
sources
in
SCI
treatment.
Neural Regeneration Research,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
18(2), P. 404 - 404
Published: July 18, 2022
Our
previous
study
demonstrated
the
potential
therapeutic
role
of
human
neural
stem
cell-derived
exosomes
(hNSC-Exo)
in
ischemic
stroke.
Here,
we
loaded
brain-derived
neurotrophic
factor
(BDNF)
into
derived
from
NSCs
to
construct
engineered
(BDNF-hNSC-Exo)
and
compared
their
effects
with
those
hNSC-Exo
on
stroke
both
vitro
vivo.
In
a
model
H2O2-induced
oxidative
stress
NSCs,
BDNF-hNSC-Exo
markedly
enhanced
cell
survival.
rat
middle
cerebral
artery
occlusion
model,
not
only
inhibited
activation
microglia,
but
also
promoted
differentiation
endogenous
neurons.
These
results
suggest
that
BDNF
can
improve
function
NSC-derived
treatment
research
may
support
clinical
use
other
factors
for
central
nervous
system
diseases.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
264, P. 130728 - 130728
Published: March 11, 2024
Exosomes
(EXOs),
minute
membranous
structures
originating
from
diverse
biological
sources,
have
recently
seized
the
attention
of
researchers
due
to
their
theranostic
potential
for
neurological
diseases.
Released
actively
by
various
cells,
including
stem
adipose
tissue,
and
immune
EXOs
wield
substantial
regulatory
influence
over
intricate
landscape
complications,
exhibiting
both
positive
negative
modulatory
effects.
In
AD,
play
a
pivotal
role
in
disseminating
breaking
down
amyloid-β
protein.
Moreover,
derived
mesenchymal
cells
showcase
remarkable
capacity
mitigate
pro-inflammatory
phenotypes
regulating
miRNAs
neurodegenerative
These
vesicles
possess
unique
ability
traverse
blood-brain
barrier,
governing
aggregation
mutant
huntingtin
Understanding
exosomal
functions
within
CNS
holds
significant
promise
enhancing
treatment
efficacy
This
review
intricately
examines
mechanisms
involving
disease
development,
highlighting
therapeutic
prospects
exploring
utility
exosome-based
nanomedicine
complications.
Additionally,
delves
into
challenges
associated
with
drug
delivery
brain,
emphasizing
complexities
inherent
this
critical
aspect
neurotherapeutics.
Stem Cell Research & Therapy,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
15(1)
Published: Jan. 2, 2024
Abstract
Spinal
cord
injury
(SCI)
is
a
catastrophic
to
the
central
nervous
system
(CNS)
that
can
lead
sensory
and
motor
dysfunction,
which
seriously
affects
patients'
quality
of
life
imposes
major
economic
burden
on
society.
The
pathological
process
SCI
divided
into
primary
secondary
injury,
cascade
amplified
responses
triggered
by
injury.
Due
complexity
mechanisms
SCI,
there
no
clear
effective
treatment
strategy
in
clinical
practice.
Exosomes,
are
extracellular
vesicles
endoplasmic
origin
with
diameter
30–150
nm,
play
critical
role
intercellular
communication
have
become
an
ideal
vehicle
for
drug
delivery.
A
growing
body
evidence
suggests
exosomes
great
potential
repairing
SCI.
In
this
review,
we
introduce
exosome
preparation,
functions,
administration
routes.
addition,
summarize
effect
mechanism
various
repair
review
efficacy
combination
other
strategies
Finally,
challenges
prospects
use
described.
Bioactive Materials,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
23, P. 328 - 342
Published: Nov. 25, 2022
Spinal
cord
injury
(SCI)
is
a
severe
disease
of
the
nervous
system
that
causes
irreparable
damage
and
loss
function,
for
which
no
effective
treatments
are
available
to
date.
Engineered
extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
carrying
therapeutic
molecules
hold
promise
as
an
alternative
SCI
therapy
depending
on
specific
functionalized
EVs
appropriate
engineering
strategy.
In
this
study,
we
demonstrated
design
drug
delivery
peptide
CAQK-modified,
siRNA-loaded
(C-EVs-siRNA)
SCI-targeted
therapy.
The
CAQK
was
anchored
through
chemical
modification
membranes
isolated
from
induced
neural
stem
cells
(iNSCs).
CCL2-siRNA
then
loaded
into
electroporation.
modified
still
maintained
basic
properties
showed
favorable
targeting
effects
in
vitro
vivo.
C-EVs-siRNA
specifically
delivered
siRNA
region
taken
up
by
target
cells.
used
inherent
anti-inflammatory
neuroreparative
functions
iNSCs-derived
synergy
with
siRNA,
thus
enhancing
effect
against
SCI.
combination
targeted
effectively
regulated
microenvironmental
disturbance
after
SCI,
promoted
transformation
microglia/macrophages
M1
M2
limited
negative
inflammatory
response
neuronal
functional
recovery
mice
Thus,
engineered
potentially
feasible
efficacious
treatment
may
also
be
develop
other
diseases.
Frontiers in Medicine,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
9
Published: May 31, 2022
Stroke
is
associated
with
a
high
disability
and
fatality
rate,
adversely
affects
the
quality
of
life
patients
their
families.
Traditional
Chinese
Medicine
(TCM)
has
been
used
effectively
in
treatment
stroke
for
more
than
2000
years
China
surrounding
countries
regions,
over
years,
this
field
gleaned
extensive
clinical
experience.
The
Phosphatidylinositol
3
kinase
(PI3K)/protein
B
(AKT)
pathway
important
regulation
cell
migration,
proliferation,
differentiation,
apoptosis,
plays
vital
role
vascularization
oxidative
stress
stroke.
Current
Western
medicine
protocols
include
mainly
pharmacologic
or
mechanical
thrombectomy
to
restore
blood
flow.
This
review
collates
recent
advances
past
5
TCM
involving
PI3K/AKT
pathway.
significantly
reduces
neuronal
damage,
inhibits
delays
progression
via
various
PI3K/AKT-mediated
downstream
pathways.
In
future,
can
provide
new
perspectives
directions
exploring
key
factors,
effective
activators
inhibitors
that
affect
occurrence
stroke,
thereby
facilitating
treatment.
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
9
Published: Jan. 20, 2022
Spinal
cord
injury
(SCI)
is
a
catastrophic
event
mainly
involving
neuronal
apoptosis
and
axonal
disruption,
it
causes
severe
motor
sensory
deficits.
Due
to
the
complicated
pathological
process
of
SCI,
there
currently
still
lack
effective
treatment
for
SCI.
Microglia,
type
immune
cell
residing
in
central
nervous
system
(CNS),
need
respond
various
stimuli
protect
cells
from
death.
It
was
also
reported
that
microRNAs
(miRNAs)
had
been
identified
microglia-derived
exosomes
can
be
taken
up
by
neurons.
However,
kinds
miRNAs
exosome
cargo
derived
microglia
underlying
mechanisms
which
they
contribute
neuroprotection
after
SCI
remain
unknown.
In
present
study,
contusive
mouse
model
vitro
experiments
were
applied
explore
therapeutic
effects
on
apoptosis,
regrowth,
functional
recovery
Then,
miRNA
analysis,
rescue
experiments,
luciferase
activity
assays
target
genes
performed
confirm
role
mechanism
exosomal
We
revealed
could
promote
neurological
suppressing
promoting
regrowth
both
vivo
vitro.
MicroRNA-151-3p
abundant
necessary
mediating
neuroprotective
effect
repair.
Luciferase
P53
gene
miR-151-3p
p53/p21/CDK1
signaling
cascades
may
involved
modulation
microRNA-151-3p.
conclusion,
our
data
demonstrated
(microglia-Exos)
might
promising,
cell-free
approach
key
molecule
mediates
treatments.
ACS Nano,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
17(18), P. 18008 - 18024
Published: Sept. 11, 2023
Spinal
cord
injury
(SCI)
disrupts
the
blood-spinal
barrier
(BSCB),
potentially
exacerbating
nerve
damage
and
emphasizing
criticality
of
preserving
BSCB
integrity
during
SCI
treatment.
This
study
explores
an
alternative
therapeutic
approach
for
by
identifying
a
subpopulation
exosomes
with
stable
function
achieving
specific
targeted
delivery.
Specific
subpopulations
CD146+CD271+
umbilical
mesenchymal
stem
cells
(UCMSCs)
were
isolated,
from
which
engineered
(RGD-CD146+CD271+
UCMSC-Exos)
neovascularization
obtained
through
gene
transfection.
In
vivo
in
vitro
experiments
performed
to
explore
targeting
effects
RGD-CD146+CD271+
UCMSC-Exos
potential
mechanisms
underlying
stabilization
neural
recovery.
The
results
demonstrated
that
exhibited
physical
chemical
properties
similar
those
regular
exosomes.
Notably,
following
intranasal
administration,
enhanced
aggregation
at
center
neovascular
endothelial
cells.
model,
administration
reduced
Evans
blue
dye
leakage,
increased
tight
junction
protein
expression,
improved
neurological
testing
revealed
treatment
significantly
permeability
bEnd.3
subjected
oxygen-glucose
deprivation,
thereby
restoring
junctions.
Moreover,
further
exploration
molecular
mechanism
identified
crucial
role
miR-501-5p/MLCK
axis
this
process.
conclusion,
delivery
presents
promising
effective
option
SCI.
Pharmaceutics,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
15(3), P. 1006 - 1006
Published: March 21, 2023
As
major
public
health
concerns
associated
with
a
rapidly
growing
aging
population,
neurodegenerative
diseases
(NDDs)
and
neurological
are
important
causes
of
disability
mortality.
Neurological
affect
millions
people
worldwide.
Recent
studies
have
indicated
that
apoptosis,
inflammation,
oxidative
stress
the
main
players
NDDs
critical
roles
in
processes.
During
aforementioned
inflammatory/apoptotic/oxidative
procedures,
phosphoinositide
3-kinase
(PI3K)/protein
kinase
B
(Akt)/mammalian
target
rapamycin
(mTOR)
pathway
plays
crucial
role.
Considering
functional
structural
aspects
blood–brain
barrier,
drug
delivery
to
central
nervous
system
is
relatively
challenging.
Exosomes
nanoscale
membrane-bound
carriers
can
be
secreted
by
cells
carry
several
cargoes,
including
proteins,
nucleic
acids,
lipids,
metabolites.
significantly
take
part
intercellular
communications
due
their
specific
features
low
immunogenicity,
flexibility,
great
tissue/cell
penetration
capabilities.
Due
ability
cross
these
nano-sized
structures
been
introduced
as
proper
vehicles
for
multiple
studies.
In
present
systematic
review,
we
highlight
potential
therapeutic
effects
exosomes
context
targeting
PI3K/Akt/mTOR
signaling
pathway.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
24(4), P. 3824 - 3824
Published: Feb. 14, 2023
Spinal
cord
injury
(SCI)
often
causes
loss
of
sensory
and
motor
function
resulting
in
a
significant
reduction
quality
life
for
patients.
Currently,
no
therapies
are
available
that
can
repair
spinal
tissue.
After
the
primary
SCI,
an
acute
inflammatory
response
induces
further
tissue
damage
process
known
as
secondary
injury.
Targeting
to
prevent
additional
during
subacute
phases
SCI
represents
promising
strategy
improve
patient
outcomes.
Here,
we
review
clinical
trials
neuroprotective
therapeutics
expected
mitigate
injury,
focusing
primarily
on
those
last
decade.
The
strategies
discussed
broadly
categorized
acute-phase
procedural/surgical
interventions,
systemically
delivered
pharmacological
agents,
cell-based
therapies.
In
addition,
summarize
potential
combinatorial
considerations.
