A Pseudovirus-Based Neutralization Assay for SARS-CoV-2 Variants: A Rapid, Cost-Effective, BSL-2–Based High-Throughput Assay Useful for Vaccine Immunogenicity Evaluation

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(3), P. 501 - 501

Published: Feb. 29, 2024

Neutralizing antibody responses from COVID-19 vaccines are pivotal in conferring protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Effective and assays measuring neutralizing antibodies emerging variants (i.e., XBB.1.5, XBB.1.16, XBB.2.3) needed. The use of biosafety level (BSL)-3 laboratories for live virus results higher costs a longer turnaround time; therefore, BSL-2–based pseudovirus neutralization assay (PNT) was developed. pseudoviruses were produced by cotransfecting cells with plasmids encoding lentiviral backbone-expressing luciferase reporter; non-surface proteins production; ancestral or Omicron (BA.1 BA.5) SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) proteins. PNT developed optimized dose kinetics experiments. representative serum samples (COVID-19–convalescent NVX-CoV2373–vaccinated participants enrolled the 2019nCoV-101 trial) demonstrated wide dynamic range. data showed robust correlation validated anti-recombinant IgG levels angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition titers (ancestral). This is suitable measurement ability clinical individuals infected immunized vaccine. suggest that this provides lower cost, high-throughput, rapid alternative to BSL-3–based microneutralization enables discovery development effective variants.

Language: Английский

---

Longitudinal Follow‐Up of the Specific Antibody Response to SARS‐CoV‐2 Vaccination in Colombia

Journal of Medical Virology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 97(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

ABSTRACT A total of 5011 adult volunteers attending vaccination centers in different regions Colombia were enrolled a 1‐year prospective observational cohort study to evaluate the immunogenicity and effectiveness SARS‐CoV‐2‐based vaccines as part National Vaccine Program established contain COVID‐19 pandemic. Following informed consent, 5,011 participants underwent sociodemographic survey PCR testing assess SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Blood samples collected, serum fractions obtained from participant subsample ( n = 3441) at six‐time points virus‐specific IgG responses Spike protein, its Receptor Binding Domain, Nucleoprotein by ELISA. Additionally, antibody‐neutralizing activity was evaluated using cPass neutralization kit. Most (95.8%; 4802) received between one Ad26. COV2.S (Janssen vaccine) four vaccine doses BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech), AZD1222 (AstraZeneca), mRNA‐1273 (Moderna), CoronaVac (Sinovac), with some receiving combinations; small group, 4.2% 209), remained unvaccinated. Throughout study, only 8.76% 439) tested positive for PCR. Notably, all seroconverted antibodies, high seropositivity rates S (99.8%; 4795), RBD (99.7%; 1691), N (92.7%; 3072) proteins. Moreover, significant (92%–97%) neutralizing observed circulating variants. This highlights importance assessing duration response elicited infection, antibody potential surrogate marker protection. These findings provide important insight further strengthening strategies control COVID‐19.

Language: Английский

---

A Review of Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine Development in China: Focusing on Safety and Efficacy in Special Populations

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(6), P. 1045 - 1045

Published: May 31, 2023

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been widespread globally, and vaccination is critical for preventing further spread or resurgence of outbreak. Inactivated vaccines made from whole inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus particles generated in Vero cells are currently most widely used COVID-19 vaccines, with China being largest producer vaccines. As a result, focus this review on multidimensional analysis development process, platforms, safety, efficacy special populations. Overall, safe option, we hope that will serve as foundation thus strengthening defense against pandemic SARS-CoV-2.

Language: Английский

---

Review of virological methods for laboratory diagnosis and characterization of monkeypox virus (MPXV): lessons learned from the 2022 Mpox outbreak

Acta Dermatovenerologica Alpina Pannonica et Adriatica, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 33(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Monkeypox virus (MPXV), originally endemic in West Africa (Clade II) and Central I), has recently emerged worldwide reinforced the need for rapid accurate MPXV diagnostics. This review presents critically discusses range of virological methods laboratory diagnosis characterization as well related lessons learned practical experience gained from 2022 Mpox global outbreak. Real-time PCR is currently considered diagnostic gold standard ensures timely confirmation suspected cases based on suspicious skin lesions, digital improves precision DNA quantification. Whole genome sequencing reveals diversity within Clade IIb outbreak highlights role microevolution adaptation to human host. Continuous genomic surveillance important better understanding human-to-human transmission prevention emergence variola virus-like strains. Traditional such electron microscopy isolation remain essential comprehensive characterization, particularly context vaccine antiviral drug development. Despite current challenges, serological tests detecting a anti-MPXV antibodies are adjunct research tools late-presenting or asymptomatic cases, contact tracing, epidemiological studies, seroepidemiological surveys, IgG neutralizing immune response infection vaccination. A multidisciplinary approach combining advanced molecular techniques with traditional reliable diagnosis, surveillance, control

Language: Английский

---

Hyperimmune Plasma and Immunoglobulins against COVID-19: A Narrative Review

Life, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(2), P. 214 - 214

Published: Feb. 1, 2024

Since late 2019, the new SARS-CoV-2 virus belonging to Coronaviridae family has been responsible for COVID-19 pandemic, a severe acute respiratory syndrome. Several antiviral therapies, mostly derived from previous epidemics, were initially repurposed fight this not rarely life-threatening illness. Among them, however, only specific antibody-based therapy available against infection during first year of pandemic was represented by convalescent plasma (CCP). CCP, collected recovered individuals, contains high levels polyclonal antibodies different subclasses able neutralize infection. Tens randomized controlled trials have conducted last three years evaluate safety and clinical efficacy CCP in both hospitalized ambulatory patients, whose main results will be summarized narrative review. In addition, we present current knowledge on development anti-SARS-CoV-2 hyperimmune immunoglobulins.

Language: Английский

---

From Detection to Protection: Antibodies and Their Crucial Role in Diagnosing and Combatting SARS-CoV-2

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(5), P. 459 - 459

Published: April 25, 2024

Understanding the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, virus responsible for COVID-19, is crucial comprehending disease progression and significance of vaccine therapeutic development. The emergence highly contagious variants poses a significant challenge humoral immunity, underscoring necessity grasping intricacies specific antibodies. This review emphasizes pivotal role antibodies in shaping immune responses their implications diagnosing, preventing, treating SARS-CoV-2 infection. It delves into kinetics characteristics explores current antibody-based diagnostics, discussing strengths, clinical utility, limitations. Furthermore, we underscore potential SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, various therapies such as monoclonal polyclonal anti-cytokines, convalescent plasma, hyperimmunoglobulin-based therapies. Moreover, offer insights vaccines, emphasizing neutralizing order confer immunity along with emerging concern (VOCs) circulating Omicron subvariants. We also highlight challenges field, risks antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) shed light on associated original antigenic sin (OAS) effect long COVID. Overall, this intends provide valuable insights, which are advancing sensitive diagnostic tools, identifying efficient therapeutics, developing effective vaccines combat evolving threat global scale.

Language: Английский

---

SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: The Advantage of Mucosal Vaccine Delivery and Local Immunity

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(7), P. 795 - 795

Published: July 18, 2024

Immunity against respiratory pathogens is often short-term, and, consequently, there an unmet need for the effective prevention of such infections. One infectious disease coronavirus 19 (COVID-19), which caused by novel Beta SARS-CoV-2 that emerged around end 2019. The World Health Organization declared illness a pandemic on 11 March 2020, and since then it has killed or sickened millions people globally. development COVID-19 systemic vaccines, impressively led to significant reduction in severity, hospitalization, mortality, contained pandemic’s expansion. However, these vaccines have not been able stop virus from spreading because restricted mucosal immunity. As result, breakthrough infections frequently occurred, new strains emerging. Furthermore, will likely continue circulate like influenza virus, co-exist with humans. upper tract nasal cavity are primary sites infection thus, mucosal/nasal vaccination induce response virus’ transmission warranted. In this review, we present status both approved those under evaluation clinical trials. our approach B-cell peptide-based applied prime-boost schedule elicit

Language: Английский

---

Hybrid Immunity Improves the Immune Response after the Fourth COVID-19 Vaccine Dose in Individuals with Medical Conditions Predisposing to Severe COVID-19

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(3), P. 247 - 247

Published: Feb. 27, 2024

Data on immune responses following COVID-19 booster vaccinations and subsequent infections in the immunocompromised are limited. We studied antibody after fourth dose to define patient groups benefiting most from boosters. Fourth vaccine (booster) doses were, Finland, first recommended for severely individuals, whom we invited participate our study 2022. assessed spike protein-specific IgG neutralizing antibodies (NAb) against ancestral Omicron BA.1 strains one month 488 adult participants compared them levels of 35 healthy controls three doses. used Bayesian generalized linear modeling assess factors explaining vaccine-induced hybrid immunity six months last dose. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) immunosuppressive therapy (IT) were identified as sub-optimal responses. The proportion with a normal response NAbs was significantly lower regarding CKD patients controls. By 6-month sampling point, one-third became infected (documented by serology and/or molecular tests), which notably enhanced participants. Impaired responses, especially lineage, suggest limited protection individuals highlight need alternative pharmaceutical preventive strategies. Vaccination strategies should take into account development robust also among immunocompromised.

Language: Английский

---

The Evolution of Serological Assays during Two Years of the COVID-19 Pandemic: From an Easy-to-Use Screening Tool for Identifying Current Infections to Laboratory Algorithms for Discovering Immune Protection and Optimizing Vaccine Administration

COVID, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 4(8), P. 1272 - 1290

Published: Aug. 16, 2024

The emergence of COVID-19 has evolved into a global pandemic, causing an unprecedented public health crisis marked by levels morbidity never seen in the recent past. Considerable research efforts have been made scientific community to establish optimal method identify severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections and understand induced immune response. This review examined development serological tests during considering factors affecting sensitivity specificity, which are key promote efficient vaccination strategy for health. market witnessed introduction various detection SARS-CoV-2, such as chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), emerged powerful rapid tool monitor antibody response before after or infection. Therefore, developing studying trends persistence is essential creating long-term strategies. Our analysis underscores multifaceted applications pandemic management with focus on critical insights they provide dynamics that help managing ongoing shaping future initiatives, providing basis optimizing viral threats.

Language: Английский

---

Plant-Based Antigen Production Strategy for SARS-CoV-2 Nucleoprotein and RBD and Its Application for Detection of Antibody Responses in COVID-19 Patients

Applied Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(2), P. 786 - 786

Published: Jan. 15, 2025

During the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, development of efficient serological tests for monitoring dynamics disease as well immune response after illness or vaccination was critical. In this regard, low-cost and fast production immunogenic antigens is essential rapid diagnostic kits. This study assessed plant-based nucleoprotein (N) SARS-CoV-2 chimeric receptor-binding domain (RBD) presented by hepatitis E virus capsid (HEV/RBD) validation plant-derived proteins tests. The target were expressed in purified from Nicotiana benthamiana plants. resulting yield HEV/RBD protein reached 100 mg/kg fresh weight 30 N protein. used to develop an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) detection antibodies human sera. To validate iELISA tests, a panel 84 sera patients diagnosed with COVID-19 used, results compared those obtained another commercially available ELISA kit (Dia.Pro D. B., Sesto San Giovanni, Italy). performance in-house showed sensitivity 89.58% (95% Cl: 75.23–95.37) specificity 94.44% 76.94–98.2). Double Recognition based on characterized lower 85.42% 72.24–93.93) 81.34–99.32) at cut-off = 0.154, HEV/RBD. Our confirms that fusion proteins, which are transiently plants, can be detect responses reliably. research validates commercial potential using plants expression system recombinant their application reagents infectious diseases, hence lowering cost

Language: Английский

---