<p>Antimicrobial Resistance: Implications and Costs</p>

Infection and Drug Resistance, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: Volume 12, P. 3903 - 3910

Published: Dec. 1, 2019

Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has developed as one of the major urgent threats to public health causing serious issues successful prevention and treatment persistent diseases. In spite different actions taken in recent decades tackle this issue, trends global AMR demonstrate no signs slowing down. Misusing overusing antibacterial agents care setting well agricultural industry are considered reasons behind emergence antimicrobial resistance. addition, spontaneous evolution, mutation bacteria, passing resistant genes through horizontal gene transfer significant contributors Many studies have demonstrated disastrous financial consequences including extremely high healthcare costs due an increase hospital admissions drug usage. The literature review, which included articles published after year 2012, was performed using Scopus, PubMed Google Scholar with utilization keyword searches. Results indicated that multifactorial threat resulted complex affecting countries across globe. These impacts found sources categorized into three levels: patient, healthcare, economic. Although gaps knowledge about areas for improvement obvious, there is not any clearly understood progress put end Keywords: resistance, AMR, implications, cost

Language: Английский

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Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance: The Most Critical Pathogens

Pathogens, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 10(10), P. 1310 - 1310

Published: Oct. 12, 2021

Antibiotics have made it possible to treat bacterial infections such as meningitis and bacteraemia that, prior their introduction, were untreatable consequently fatal. Unfortunately, in recent decades overuse misuse of antibiotics well social economic factors accelerated the spread antibiotic-resistant bacteria, making drug treatment ineffective. Currently, at least 700,000 people worldwide die each year due antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Without new better treatments, World Health Organization (WHO) predicts that this number could rise 10 million by 2050, highlighting a health concern not secondary importance. In February 2017, light increasing antibiotic resistance, WHO published list pathogens includes designated acronym ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter species) which given highest "priority status" since they represent great threat humans. Understanding mechanisms these bacteria is key step development drugs tackle drug-resistant bacteria. review, both mode action commonly used antimicrobials will be examined. It also discusses current state AMR most critical resistant determined WHO's global priority list.

Language: Английский

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Potential Environmental and Human Health Risks Caused by Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (ARB), Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) and Emerging Contaminants (ECs) from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Landfill

Antibiotics, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 10(4), P. 374 - 374

Published: April 1, 2021

The disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) directly at landfills or open dump areas, without segregation and treatment, is a significant concern due to its hazardous contents antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal (MGEs). released leachate from greatly effects the soil physicochemical, biological, groundwater properties associated with agricultural activity human health. abundance ARB, ARGs, MGEs have been reported worldwide, including MSW landfill sites, animal husbandry, wastewater, groundwater, soil, aerosol. This review elucidates occurrence MRGs, which are regarded as emerging contaminants (ECs). Recently, ECs received global attention because their prevalence in substantial threat environmental public health, an economic burden for developing nations. present exclusively discusses demands develop novel eco-friendly management strategy combat these issues. also gives intrinsic discussion about insights different aspects health concerns caused massive generation, antibiotics (AR), on various reservoirs Furthermore, current throws light source fate possible impact nearby environments (groundwater, surface water, soil) affecting strongly suggests demand future research focuses advancement removal efficiency improvement relevant reduce potential disposable waste. We propose necessity identification monitoring risks contaminants.

Language: Английский

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Microbial adaptation to different environmental conditions: molecular perspective of evolved genetic and cellular systems

Archives of Microbiology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 204(2)

Published: Jan. 19, 2022

Language: Английский

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Biological Effects of Quinolones: A Family of Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Agents

Molecules, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 26(23), P. 7153 - 7153

Published: Nov. 25, 2021

Broad antibacterial spectrum, high oral bioavailability and excellent tissue penetration combined with safety few, yet rare, unwanted effects, have made the quinolones class of antimicrobials one most used in inpatients outpatients. Initially discovered during search for improved chloroquine-derivative molecules increased anti-malarial activity, today quinolones, intended as antimicrobials, comprehend four generations that progressively been extending antimicrobial spectrum clinical use. The quinolone exerts its actions through inhibiting DNA gyrase Topoisomerase IV turn inhibits synthesis RNA. Good distribution different tissues organs to treat Gram-positive Gram-negative bacteria a good choice disease both humans animals. extensive use human health veterinary field, has induced rise resistance menace leaving family ineffective infections. This review revises evolution structures, biological importance this evolving family. Next, updated information regarding mechanism activity is revised. animal productions also considered environmental role spreading resistance. Finally, considerations medicine are discussed.

Language: Английский

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Silver and Gold Nanoparticles for Antimicrobial Purposes against Multi-Drug Resistance Bacteria

Materials, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 15(5), P. 1799 - 1799

Published: Feb. 27, 2022

Several pieces of research have been done on transition metal nanoparticles and their nanocomplexes as physical chemical properties relationship to biological features are great importance. Among all properties, the antibacterial antimicrobial especially important due high use for human needs. In this article, we will discuss different synthesis modification methods silver (Ag) gold (Au) physicochemical properties. We also review some state-of-art studies find best between nanoparticles’ potential activity. The possible mechanism these types be discussed in-depth well.

Language: Английский

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Fighting Antibiotic Resistance in Hospital-Acquired Infections: Current State and Emerging Technologies in Disease Prevention, Diagnostics and Therapy

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: July 21, 2021

Rising antibiotic resistance is a global threat that projected to cause more deaths than all cancers combined by 2050. In this review, we set summarize the current state of resistance, and give an overview emerging technologies aimed escape pre-antibiotic era recurrence. We conducted comprehensive literature survey &gt;150 original research review articles indexed in Web Science using “antimicrobial resistance,” “diagnostics,” “therapeutics,” “disinfection,” “nosocomial infections,” “ESKAPE pathogens” as key words. discuss impact nosocomial infections on spread multi-drug resistant bacteria, over existing developing strategies for faster diagnostics infectious diseases, novel approaches therapy finally hospital disinfection prevent MDR bacteria spread.

Language: Английский

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Bacterial Stress Responses as Potential Targets in Overcoming Antibiotic Resistance

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 10(7), P. 1385 - 1385

Published: July 9, 2022

Bacteria can be adapted to adverse and detrimental conditions that induce general specific responses DNA damage as well acid, heat, cold, starvation, oxidative, envelope, osmotic stresses. The stress-triggered regulatory systems are involved in bacterial survival processes, such adaptation, physiological changes, virulence potential, antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic susceptibility several antibiotics is reduced due the activation of stress cellular physiology by stimulation resistance mechanisms, promotion a resistant lifestyle (biofilm or persistence), and/or induction mutations. Hence, poses serious threat efficacy clinical success therapy. Bacterial potential targets for therapeutic alternatives antibiotics. An understanding regulation response association with provides useful information discovery novel antimicrobial adjuvants development effective strategies control bacteria. Therefore, this review discusses linked Gram-negative bacteria also on therapies targeting have been identified candidates antibiotic-resistant

Language: Английский

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Antibiotic resistance in soil-plant systems: A review of the source, dissemination, influence factors, and potential exposure risks

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 869, P. 161855 - 161855

Published: Jan. 25, 2023

Language: Английский

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Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms in Gram-Negative Bacteria

Antibiotics, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(11), P. 1590 - 1590

Published: Nov. 3, 2023

Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections are exponentially increasing, posing one of the most urgent global healthcare and economic threats. Due to lack new therapies, World Health Organization classified these species as priority pathogens in 2017, known ESKAPE pathogens. This classification emphasizes need for research development novel targeted therapies. The majority species, which possess a structurally dynamic cell envelope enabling them resist multiple antibiotics, thereby leading increased mortality rates. Despite 6 years having passed since WHO classification, progress generating treatment ideas has not been sufficient, antimicrobial resistance continues escalate, acting ticking time bomb. Numerous efforts strategies have employed combat rising levels antibiotic by targeting specific mechanisms. These mechanisms include inactivating/modifying enzymes, outer membrane porin remodelling, enhanced efflux pump action, alteration target sites. Some demonstrated clinical promise, such utilization beta-lactamase inhibitors adjuvants, well recent advancements machine-based learning employing artificial intelligence facilitate production narrow-spectrum antibiotics. However, further into an understanding precise occurs, specifically tailored each could pave way exploring review aims introduce key features bacteria their current approaches, summarizing major with focus on Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae. Additionally, potential directions alternative therapies will be discussed, along relative modes providing future perspective insight discipline resistance.

Language: Английский

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