Neurotransmitters—Key Factors in Neurological and Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Central Nervous System

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 23(11), P. 5954 - 5954

Published: May 25, 2022

Neurotransmitters are molecules that amplify, transmit, and convert signals in cells, having an essential role information transmission throughout the nervous system. Hundreds of such chemicals have been discovered last century, continuing to be identified studied concerning their action on brain health. These substances observed influence numerous functions, including emotions, thoughts, memories, learning, movements. Thus, disturbances neurotransmitters' homeostasis started being correlated with a plethora neurological neurodegenerative disorders. In this respect, present paper aims describe most important neurotransmitters, broadly classified into canonical (e.g., amino acids, monoamines, acetylcholine, purines, soluble gases, neuropeptides) noncanonical neurotransmitters exosomes, steroids, D-aspartic acid), explain link some relevant conditions. Moreover, brief overview recently developed detection methods is offered, followed by several considerations modulation these towards restoring homeostasis.

Language: Английский

---

The role of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases: current understanding and future therapeutic targets

Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16

Published: April 12, 2024

Neuroinflammation refers to a highly complicated reaction of the central nervous system (CNS) certain stimuli such as trauma, infection, and neurodegenerative diseases. This is cellular immune response whereby glial cells are activated, inflammatory mediators liberated reactive oxygen nitrogen species synthesized. key process that helps protect brain from pathogens, but inappropriate, or protracted inflammation yields pathological states Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s, Multiple Sclerosis, other disorders showcase various pathways neurodegeneration distributed in parts CNS. review reveals major neuroinflammatory signaling associated with neurodegeneration. Additionally, it explores promising therapeutic avenues, stem cell therapy, genetic intervention, nanoparticles, aiming regulate neuroinflammation potentially impede decelerate advancement these conditions. A comprehensive understanding intricate connection between diseases pivotal for development future treatment strategies can alleviate burden imposed by devastating disorders.

Language: Английский

---

Molecular mechanisms of ischemia and glutamate excitotoxicity

Life Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 328, P. 121814 - 121814

Published: May 25, 2023

Excitotoxicity is classically defined as the neuronal damage caused by excessive release of glutamate, and subsequent activation excitatory plasma membrane receptors. In mammalian brain, this phenomenon mainly driven glutamate receptors (GRs). common to several chronic disorders Central Nervous System (CNS) considered primary mechanism loss function cell death in acute CNS diseases (e.g. ischemic stroke). Multiple mechanisms pathways lead excitotoxic including pro-death signaling cascade events downstream receptors, calcium (Ca2+) overload, oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, synaptic cleft well altered energy metabolism. Here, we review current knowledge on molecular that underlie excitotoxicity, emphasizing role Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) We also discuss novel promising therapeutic strategies treat highlighting recent clinical trials. Finally, will shed light ongoing search for stroke biomarkers, an exciting field research, which may improve diagnosis, prognosis allow better treatment options.

Language: Английский

---

Astrocyte metabolism and signaling pathways in the CNS

Frontiers in Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 17

Published: Sept. 4, 2023

Astrocytes comprise half of the cells in central nervous system and play a critical role maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Metabolic dysfunction astrocytes has been indicated as primary cause neurological diseases, such depression, Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy. Although functionalities are well known, their relationship to disorders is poorly understood. The ways which regulate metabolism glucose, amino acids, lipids have all implicated diseases. Metabolism also exhibited significant influence on neuron functionality brain’s neuro-network. In this review, we focused processes present astrocytes, most notably glucose pathway, fatty acid amino-acid pathway. For metabolism, glycolysis pentose-phosphate oxidative phosphorylation followed oxidation, ketone body sphingolipid metabolism. summarized neurotransmitter serine kynurenine pathways. This review will provide an overview functional changes astrocyte overall perspective current treatment therapy for disorders.

Language: Английский

---

Mitochondrial dysfunction in chronic neuroinflammatory diseases (Review)

International Journal of Molecular Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 53(5)

Published: April 2, 2024

Chronic neuroinflammation serves a key role in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Mitochondria serve as central regulators neuroinflammation. In addition to providing energy cells, mitochondria also participate immunoinflammatory response disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's multiple sclerosis epilepsy, by regulating processes such cell death inflammasome activation. Under inflammatory conditions, mitochondrial oxidative stress, epigenetics, dynamics calcium homeostasis imbalance may underlying regulatory mechanisms for these diseases. Therefore, investigating related dysfunction result therapeutic strategies against chronic neurodegeneration. The present review summarizes neuroinflammatory diseases current treatment approaches that target

Language: Английский

---

Sepsis-Induced Brain Dysfunction: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 2022, P. 1 - 13

Published: Aug. 24, 2022

Dysregulated host response to infection, which cause life-threatening organ dysfunction, was defined as sepsis. Sepsis can acute and long-term brain namely, sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) cognitive impairment. SAE refers changes in consciousness without direct evidence of central nervous system infection. It is highly prevalent may poor outcomes sepsis patients. Cognitive impairment seriously affects the life quality patients increases medical burden. The pathogenesis sepsis-induced dysfunction mainly characterized by interaction systemic inflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) neuroinflammation, microcirculation dysfunction. Currently, diagnosis based on clinical manifestation altered along with neuropathological examination, treatment involves controlling Although treatments for have been tested animals, treat still difficult. Therefore, we review underlying mechanisms injury, focus influence inflammation BBB, microcirculation, function, want bring new mechanism-based directions future basic research aimed at preventing or ameliorating

Language: Английский

---

Double stochastic resonance in neuronal dynamics due to astrocytes

Chaos Solitons & Fractals, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 168, P. 113140 - 113140

Published: Jan. 22, 2023

Language: Английский

---

Glutamatergic neurotransmission: A potential pharmacotherapeutic target for the treatment of cognitive disorders

Ageing Research Reviews, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 85, P. 101838 - 101838

Published: Jan. 5, 2023

Language: Английский

---

The Emerging Role of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptors in the Cardiovascular System: Physiological Implications, Pathological Consequences, and Therapeutic Perspectives

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(4), P. 3914 - 3914

Published: Feb. 15, 2023

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ligand-gated ion channels that activated by the neurotransmitter glutamate, mediate slow component of excitatory neurotransmission in central nervous system (CNS), and induce long-term changes synaptic plasticity. NMDARs non-selective cation allow influx extracellular Na+ Ca2+ control cellular activity via both membrane depolarization an increase intracellular concentration. The distribution, structure, role neuronal have been extensively investigated it is now known they also regulate crucial functions non-neuronal CNS, i.e., astrocytes cerebrovascular endothelial cells. In addition, expressed multiple peripheral organs, including heart systemic pulmonary circulations. Herein, we survey most recent information available regarding distribution function within cardiovascular system. We describe involvement modulation rate cardiac rhythm, regulation arterial blood pressure, cerebral flow, blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability. parallel, how enhanced NMDAR could promote ventricular arrhythmias, failure, artery hypertension (PAH), BBB dysfunction. Targeting represent unexpected pharmacological strategy to reduce growing burden several life-threatening disorders.

Language: Английский

---

Bridging the Mind and Gut: Uncovering the Intricacies of Neurotransmitters, Neuropeptides, and their Influence on Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 24(1), P. 2 - 21

Published: Jan. 24, 2024

Background:: The gut-brain axis (GBA) is a bidirectional signaling channel that facilitates communication between the gastrointestinal tract and brain. Recent research on demonstrates this connection enables brain to influence gut function, which in turn influences its cognitive functioning. It well established malfunctioning of adversely affects both systems' ability operate effectively. Objective:: Dysfunctions GBA have been associated with disorders motility permeability, intestinal inflammation, indigestion, constipation, diarrhea, IBS, IBD, as neuropsychiatric neurodegenerative like depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, autism, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease. Multiple initiatives shown microbiota, particular, plays crucial role by participating regulation number key neurochemicals are known significant effects mental physical well-being an individual. Methods:: Several studies investigated relationship imbalances or disturbances metabolism neurochemicals, often leading concomitant issues modifications flora composition. interaction neurological diseases microbiota has focal point within research. novel therapeutic interventions conditions involving such probiotics, prebiotics, dietary outlined review. Results:: findings multiple carried out mice show modulating monitoring can help treat symptoms diseases, raises possibility use even changes part new treatment strategy for their symptoms. Conclusion:: through revealed profound implications health. Malfunctions connected range affecting function well-being. emerging understanding regulating opens up possibilities approaches diseases.

Language: Английский

---