Reactive oxygen species, toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: chronic diseases and aging

Archives of Toxicology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 97(10), P. 2499 - 2574

Published: Aug. 19, 2023

Abstract A physiological level of oxygen/nitrogen free radicals and non-radical reactive species (collectively known as ROS/RNS) is termed oxidative eustress or “good stress” characterized by low to mild levels oxidants involved in the regulation various biochemical transformations such carboxylation, hydroxylation, peroxidation, modulation signal transduction pathways Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, phosphoinositide-3-kinase, nuclear factor erythroid 2–related 2 (Nrf2) other processes. Increased ROS/RNS, generated from both endogenous (mitochondria, NADPH oxidases) and/or exogenous sources (radiation, certain drugs, foods, cigarette smoking, pollution) result a harmful condition stress (“bad stress”). Although it widely accepted, that many chronic diseases are multifactorial origin, they share common denominator. Here we review importance mechanisms through which contributes pathological states an organism. Attention focused on chemistry ROS RNS (e.g. superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, peroxyl nitric oxide, peroxynitrite), their role damage DNA, proteins, membrane lipids. Quantitative qualitative assessment biomarkers also discussed. Oxidative pathology cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurological disorders (Alzheimer’s Parkinson’s Down syndrome), psychiatric (depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder), renal disease, lung disease (chronic pulmonary obstruction, cancer), aging. The concerted action antioxidants ameliorate effect achieved antioxidant enzymes (Superoxide dismutases-SODs, catalase, glutathione peroxidase-GPx), small molecular weight (vitamins C E, flavonoids, carotenoids, melatonin, ergothioneine, others). Perhaps one most effective vitamin first line defense against peroxidation promising approach appears be use flavonoids), showing weak prooxidant properties may boost cellular systems thus act preventive anticancer agents. Redox metal-based enzyme mimetic compounds potential pharmaceutical interventions sirtuins therapeutic targets for age-related anti-aging strategies

Language: Английский

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From imbalance to impairment: the central role of reactive oxygen species in oxidative stress-induced disorders and therapeutic exploration

Frontiers in Pharmacology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: Oct. 18, 2023

Increased production and buildup of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can lead to various health issues, including metabolic problems, cancers, neurological conditions. Our bodies counteract ROS with biological antioxidants such as SOD, CAT, GPx, which help prevent cellular damage. However, if there is an imbalance between these antioxidants, it result in oxidative stress. This cause genetic epigenetic changes at the molecular level. review delves into how plays a role disorders caused by We also look animal models used for researching pathways. study offers insights mechanism, pathology, changes, assist drug development disease understanding.

Language: Английский

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Aging, oxidative stress and degenerative diseases: mechanisms, complications and emerging therapeutic strategies

Biogerontology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(5), P. 609 - 662

Published: July 30, 2023

Language: Английский

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Recent Advances in Natural Polyphenol Research

Molecules, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 27(24), P. 8777 - 8777

Published: Dec. 11, 2022

Polyphenols are secondary metabolites produced by plants, which contribute to the plant’s defense against abiotic stress conditions (e.g., UV radiation and precipitation), aggression of herbivores, plant pathogens. Epidemiological studies suggest that long-term consumption polyphenols protects cardiovascular disease, cancer, osteoporosis, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases. Their structural diversity has fascinated confronted analytical chemists on how carry out unambiguous identification, exhaustive recovery from plants organic waste, define their nutritional biological potential. The food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical industries employ fruits vegetables produce additives, additional foods, supplements. In some cases, nanocarriers have been used protect during food processing, solve issues related low water solubility, transport them site action, improve bioavailability. This review summarizes structure-bioactivity relationships, processing parameters impact polyphenol stability bioavailability, research progress in nanocarrier delivery, most innovative methodologies for agri-waste materials.

Language: Английский

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Progress in Understanding Oxidative Stress, Aging, and Aging-Related Diseases

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(4), P. 394 - 394

Published: March 25, 2024

Under normal physiological conditions, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced through redox reactions as byproducts of respiratory and metabolic activities. However, due to various endogenous exogenous factors, the body may produce excessive ROS, which leads oxidative stress (OS). Numerous studies have shown that OS causes a variety pathological changes in cells, including mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, telomere shortening, lipid peroxidation, protein modification, all can trigger apoptosis senescence. also induces aging-related diseases, such retinal disease, neurodegenerative osteoarthritis, cardiovascular cancer, ovarian prostate disease. In this review, we aim introduce multiple internal external triggers mediate ROS levels rodents humans well relationship between OS, aging, diseases. Finally, present statistical analysis effective antioxidant measures currently being developed applied field aging research.

Language: Английский

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The Role of Oxidative Stress in Vitiligo: An Update on Its Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Implications

Cells, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(6), P. 936 - 936

Published: March 19, 2023

Vitiligo is an autoimmune skin disorder caused by dysfunctional pigment-producing melanocytes which are attacked immune cells. Oxidative stress considered to play a crucial role in activating consequent responses related vitiligo. Melanin synthesis the main intracellular stressor, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Under normal physiological conditions, antioxidative nuclear factor erythroid 2-related 2 (Nrf2) pathway functions as mediator for cells resist oxidative stress. In pathological situations, such with antioxidant defects or under inflammation, ROS accumulate and cause cell damage. Herein, we summarize events at cellular level excessive vitiligo highlight exposure melanocyte-specific antigens that trigger responses. Such lead functional impairment death of melanocytes, sequentially increase melanocyte cytotoxicity through both innate adaptive immunity. This report provides new perspectives advances our understanding interrelationships between autoimmunity pathogenesis We describe progress targeted therapy, aim providing potential therapeutic approaches.

Language: Английский

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Perspectives on Aging and Quality of Life

Healthcare, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(15), P. 2131 - 2131

Published: July 26, 2023

The aging of the world's population and health problems accompanying it are becoming increasingly severe. Healthcare policies in developed countries focus on how to prevent treat diseases associated with maintain quality life. Typical age-related include deafness, cataracts, osteoarthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, dementia. Although mechanisms by which these develop differ, they all caused accumulation molecular cellular damage over time. In addition, can cause a decline physical mental functions ability perform activities daily living, as well loss roles society sense fulfillment Therefore, there is need for treatment measures accurately grasp This review aims introduce areas representative papers expected be contributed special issue "Aging Quality Life".

Language: Английский

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A Comprehensive Review of Free Radicals, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Overview, Clinical Applications, Global Perspectives, Future Directions, and Mechanisms of Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoid Compounds

Journal of Chemistry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 2024, P. 1 - 21

Published: May 31, 2024

Absorption​ of free radicals in the body cannot be done by antioxidant compounds originating from human body, so exogenous antioxidants are required to help their natural action. Oxidative stress can caused an imbalance radical inhibitors and accumulation that enter cellular structures. Synthetic found external not primary choice because they harmful carcinogenic. Therefore, using ingredients provides a necessary alternative constructing novel antioxidants. Recent studies have highlighted critical analysis evaluation flavonoids unique class secondary metabolites plants used communities as traditional therapeutics with proven bioactivity. This could support new discoveries based on various herbal medicines addition, functional effectiveness against radicals. In this review, there several strengths discussion. First, study takes comprehensive approach covering aspects, including properties sources radicals, oxidative relation different diseases, defense mechanisms, specific mechanisms flavonoids. Second, focus antioxidants, especially flavonoids, also discussion about clinical applications studies, limitations, global perspectives, future research directions become references selection medicines. But, constraints should considered when interpreting findings review. mechanism is only discussed general one example compound (flavonoid) has potential antioxidant. lack regarding relationship between diseases Third, limited number investigated some discussed.

Language: Английский

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Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression: Between Old and New Concepts

Journal of Clinical Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(3), P. 678 - 678

Published: Jan. 24, 2024

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition characterized by the gradual loss of function over time and it worldwide health issue. The estimated frequency CKD 10% world’s population, but varies greatly on global scale. In absolute terms, staggering number subjects affected various degrees 850,000,000, 85% them are in low- to middle-income countries. most important risk factors for chronic age, arterial hypertension, diabetes, obesity, proteinuria, dyslipidemia, environmental such as dietary salt intake more recently investigated agent: pollution. this narrative review, we will focus choice just some which non-modifiable factor, among modifiable factors, intake, sympathetic overactivity.

Language: Английский

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Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and its effect on α-synuclein and prion protein misfolding: consequences for neurodegeneration

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: Feb. 16, 2024

Abnormal behavior of α-synuclein and prion proteins is the hallmark Parkinson’s disease (PD) illnesses, respectively, being complex neurological disorders. A primary cause protein aggregation, brain injury, cognitive loss in illnesses misfolding normal cellular (PrP C ) into an infectious form Sc ). Aggregation causes disruptions processes (PD), leading to dopamine-producing neurons motor symptoms. Alteration composition or activity gut microbes may weaken intestinal barrier make it possible for prions go from brain. The gut-brain axis linked neuroinflammation; metabolites produced by microbiota affect aggregation α-synuclein, regulate inflammation immunological responses, influence course neurotoxicity proteins, even if their targets are distinct proteins. This thorough analysis explores interactions that exist between neurodegenerative particularly involvement microbiota, a collection bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses etc., various becoming increasingly recognized. microbiome influences neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter synthesis, mitochondrial function, integrity through axis, which contributes development progression disease. review delves molecular mechanisms underlie these relationships, emphasizing effects microbial such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) regulating functioning. Additionally, looks at how environmental dietary decisions whether they could be risk factors illnesses. study concludes highlighting critical role plays It also provides promising direction future research treatment approaches. People afflicted difficult ailments find hope new preventive therapeutic approaches diseases better understood.

Language: Английский

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