Psikhiatriya,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
22(4), P. 14 - 25
Published: Nov. 6, 2024
Background
:
the
immunological
direction
has
always
been
a
significant
part
of
biological
studies
schizophrenia
and
in
different
years
based
on
relevant
fundamental
ideas
about
functions
immune
system
neuroimmune
relationships.
Objective:
to
conduct
brief
historical
analysis
hypotheses
schizophrenia,
reflecting
vector
research
immunology,
also
present
results
our
own
research,
confirming
key
role
chronic
inflammation
pathogenesis
possibility
using
indicators
for
diagnosis
prognosis
course
disease.
Materials
Method:
keywords
“schizophrenia”,
“immune
schizophrenia”,
“neuroinflammation”,
“neuroimmune
relationships”
we
analyzed
publications
from
PubMed/MEDLINE,
RSCI
databases
other
sources
last
decades
comparison
with
clinical
at
Mental
Health
Research
Centre
(MHRC).
Conclusion:
publications,
it
is
shown
that
development
scientfic
relationship
between
led
understanding
this
Based
comparative
number
markers
related
cytokine
system,
acute
phase
proteins,
proteolytic
enzymes,
etc.,
laboratory
test
“Neuroimmuno-test”,
which
includes
complex
determination
iflammatory
autoimmune
blood
plasma,
was
created
MHRC.
It
level
activation
correlates
features
psychopathological
symptoms
patients.
Identification
profiles
patients
important
differentiate
disease
subtypes
purpose
personalized
therapy.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
24(3), P. 2360 - 2360
Published: Jan. 25, 2023
The
intervertebral
disk
degeneration
(IDD)
and
its
associated
conditions
are
an
important
problem
in
modern
medicine.
onset
of
IDD
may
be
childhood
adolescence
patients
with
a
genetic
predisposition.
progresses
age,
leading
to
spondylosis,
spondylarthrosis,
herniation,
spinal
stenosis.
purpose
this
review
is
attempt
summarize
the
data
characterizing
patterns
production
pro-inflammatory
anti-inflammatory
cytokines
appreciate
prognostic
value
cytokine
imbalance
as
biomarker.
This
narrative
demonstrates
that
evaluating
contribution
maintenance
or
alteration
balance
new
key
unlocking
mystery
development
therapeutic
strategies
for
treatment
setting
acute
chronic
inflammation.
presented
support
hypothesis
one
most
biomarkers
IDD.
Brain Sciences,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
13(6), P. 957 - 957
Published: June 15, 2023
Comprehending
the
pathogenesis
of
schizophrenia
represents
a
challenge
for
global
mental
health.
To
date,
although
it
is
evident
that
alterations
in
dopaminergic,
serotonergic,
and
glutamatergic
neurotransmission
underlie
clinical
expressiveness
disease,
neuronal
disconnections
represent
only
an
epiphenomenon.
In
recent
years,
several
studies
have
converged
on
hypothesis
microglia
hyperactivation
consequent
neuroinflammatory
state
as
pathogenic
substrate
schizophrenia.
Prenatal,
perinatal,
postnatal
factors
can
cause
to
switch
from
M2
anti-inflammatory
M1
pro-inflammatory
states.
A
continuous
mild
progressively
leads
loss,
reduction
dendritic
spines,
myelin
degeneration.
The
augmentation
drugs
reduce
neuroinflammation
antipsychotics
could
be
effective
therapeutic
modality
managing
This
review
will
consider
which
with
neuroprotective
properties
been
used
addition
antipsychotic
treatment
patients
Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
15
Published: Jan. 30, 2024
Background
There
is
a
growing
amount
of
evidence
suggesting
that
immunity
and
inflammation
play
an
important
role
in
the
pathophysiology
schizophrenia.
In
this
study,
we
aimed
to
examine
relationship
between
hematological
inflammatory
markers
with
symptom
severity
Han
Chinese
patients
drug-free
Methods
This
retrospective
study
was
conducted
at
Chaohu
Hospital
Anhui
Medical
University
data
were
extracted
from
electronic
medical
record
system
over
5-year
period
(May
2017
April
2022),
including
participants’
general
clinical
information
as
well
Brief
Psychiatric
Rating
Scale
(BPRS)
scores
parameters.
Results
A
total
2,899
schizophrenia
identified
through
initial
search.
After
screening,
91
141
healthy
controls
(HCs)
included.
The
had
higher
value
neutrophils/lymphocytes
ratio
(NLR),
monocyte/lymphocyte
(MLR),
platelet/lymphocyte
(PLR)
than
HCs
(all
P
<
0.001).
MLR
positively
correlated
BPRS
score
(
r
=
0.337,
0.001)
resistance
subscale
0.350,
Binary
logistic
regression
analyses
revealed
severely
ill
significantly
associated
being
male
(Natural
Logaruthm,
Ln)
0.05),
receiver
operating
characteristic
(ROC)
analysis
showed
good
performance
model
area
under
curve
(AUC)
0.787.
Conclusion
Patients
have
unbalanced
distribution
peripheral
blood
granulocytes,
elevated
NLR,
PLR.
tend
more
psychotic
symptoms,
especially
those
symptoms
hostility,
uncooperativeness,
suspiciousness.
Our
gives
preliminary
indication
potential
predictor
disease
Nutritional Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
27(11), P. 1306 - 1320
Published: March 11, 2024
Objective
An
imbalance
between
the
generation
of
reactive
oxygen
species
(ROS)
and
body's
antioxidant
defense
mechanisms
is
believed
to
be
a
critical
factor
in
development
schizophrenia
(SCZ)
like
neurological
illnesses.
Understanding
roles
ROS
SCZ
potential
activity
natural
antioxidants
against
could
lead
more
effective
therapeutic
options
for
prevention
treatment
illness.
Schizophrenia Bulletin,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
50(1), P. 199 - 209
Published: Aug. 4, 2023
Low-grade
neural
and
peripheral
inflammation
are
among
the
proposed
pathophysiological
mechanisms
of
schizophrenia.
White
matter
impairment
is
one
more
consistent
findings
in
schizophrenia
but
underlying
mechanism
remains
obscure.
Many
cerebral
white
components
sensitive
to
neuroinflammatory
conditions
that
can
result
demyelination,
altered
oligodendrocyte
differentiation,
other
changes.
We
tested
hypothesis
immune-inflammatory
response
system
(IRS)
compensatory
immune-regulatory
reflex
(IRS/CIRS)
dynamics
associated
with
reduced
integrity
patients
Frontiers in Psychiatry,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
16
Published: March 18, 2025
Schizophrenia
is
a
severe
mental
disorder
with
strong
lifetime
impact
on
patients'
health
and
wellbeing.
Usually,
symptomatic
treatment
includes
typical
or
atypical
antipsychotics.
Study
findings
show
an
involvement
of
low-grade
inflammation
(blood,
brain
parenchyma,
cerebrospinal
fluid)
in
schizophrenia.
Moreover,
experimental
neuropathological
evidence
suggests
that
reactive
microglia,
which
are
the
main
resident
immune
cells
central
nervous
system
(CNS),
have
negative
differentiation
function
oligodendrocytes,
glial
progenitor
cells,
astrocytes,
results
disruption
neuronal
networks
dysregulated
synaptic
transmission,
contributing
to
pathophysiology
Here,
role
microglial
related
neuroinflammation
schizophrenia
was
discussed
be
essential.
This
review
aims
summarize
for
influence
antipsychotics
inflammatory
mechanisms
Furthermore,
we
propose
established
astrocyte-microglia
co-culture
model
testing
regulatory
examining
effects
glia-mediated
neuroinflammation.
could
lead
better
understanding
how
can
used
address
positive
symptoms
comorbidities
like
diseases
status
inflammation.
Chemico-Biological Interactions,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown, P. 111489 - 111489
Published: March 1, 2025
Oxidative
stress
and
chronic
inflammation
are
important
drivers
in
the
pathogenesis
progression
of
many
diseases,
such
as
cancers
breast,
kidney,
lung,
others,
autoimmune
diseases
(rheumatoid
arthritis),
cardiovascular
(hypertension,
atherosclerosis,
arrhythmia),
neurodegenerative
(Alzheimer's
disease,
Parkinson's
Huntington's
disease),
mental
disorders
(depression,
schizophrenia,
bipolar
disorder),
gastrointestinal
(inflammatory
bowel
colorectal
cancer),
other
disorders.
With
increasing
demand
for
less
toxic
more
tolerable
therapies,
flavonoids
have
potential
to
effectively
modulate
responsiveness
conventional
therapy
radiotherapy.
Flavonoids
polyphenolic
compounds
found
fruits,
vegetables,
grains,
plant-derived
beverages.
Six
twelve
structurally
different
flavonoid
subgroups
dietary
significance
include
anthocyanidins
(e.g.
pelargonidin,
cyanidin),
flavan-3-ols
epicatechin,
epigallocatechin),
flavonols
quercetin,
kaempferol),
flavones
luteolin,
baicalein),
flavanones
hesperetin,
naringenin),
isoflavones
(daidzein,
genistein).
The
health
benefits
related
their
structural
characteristics,
number
position
hydroxyl
groups
presence
C2=C3
double
bonds,
which
predetermine
ability
chelate
metal
ions,
terminate
ROS
radicals
formed
by
Fenton
reaction),
interact
with
biological
targets
trigger
a
response.
Based
on
these
can
exert
both
antioxidant
or
prooxidant
properties,
activity
ROS-scavenging
enzymes
expression
activation
proinflammatory
cytokines
(e.g.,
interleukin-1beta
(IL-1β),
interleukin-6
(IL-6),
tumor
necrosis
factor-alpha
(TNF-α)),
induce
apoptosis
autophagy,
target
key
signaling
pathways,
nuclear
factor
erythroid
2-related
2
(Nrf2)
Bcl-2
family
proteins.
This
review
aims
briefly
discuss
mutually
interconnected
aspects
oxidative
inflammatory
mechanisms,
lipid
peroxidation,
protein
oxidation,
DNA
damage,
mechanism
resolution
inflammation.
major
part
this
article
discusses
role
alleviating
inflammation,
two
common
components
human
diseases.
results
epidemiological
studies
also
presented.
Nutrients,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
14(23), P. 5142 - 5142
Published: Dec. 2, 2022
Schizophrenia
(Sch)
is
a
severe
and
widespread
mental
disorder.
Antipsychotics
(APs)
of
the
first
new
generations
as
first-line
treatment
Sch
are
not
effective
in
about
third
cases
also
unable
to
treat
negative
symptoms
cognitive
deficits
schizophrenics.
This
explains
search
for
therapeutic
strategies
disease-modifying
therapy
treatment-resistant
(TRS).
Biological
compounds
great
interest
researchers
clinicians,
among
which
D-Serine
(D-Ser)
D-Aspartate
(D-Asp)
promising
ones.
The
glutamate
theory
suggests
that
neurotransmission
dysfunction
caused
by
