Etiopathology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Fungal Keratitis

ACS Infectious Diseases, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 10(7), P. 2356 - 2380

Published: June 7, 2024

Fungal keratitis (FK) is a severe ocular condition resulting from corneal infection that prevalent in tropical countries, particularly developing regions of Asia and Africa. Factors like lens misuse, inappropriate steroid use, diagnostic challenges have provoked the epidemic. FK causes significant vision impairment, scarring, deformities. Accurate pathological diagnosis crucial for effective therapeutic intervention. Topical antifungal therapy with surface healing medications proves preventing fungal-borne ulcers. Managing requires comprehensive understanding fungal pathogenesis, guiding formulation strategies preventive measures to curb global blindness. This review provides in-depth insights into FK, covering etiology, epidemiology, interventions, resistance, limitations, prevention, future perspectives on disease management.

Language: Английский

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Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of 1,4-Dihydropyridine–Indole as a Potential Antidiabetic Agent via GLUT4 Translocation Stimulation

Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: July 16, 2024

In the quest for discovery of antidiabetic compounds, a series 27 1,4-dihydropyridine–indole derivatives were synthesized using diversity approach. These compounds systematically evaluated their activity, starting with an in vitro assessment GLUT4 translocation stimulation L6-GLUT4myc myotubes, followed by vivo antihyperglycemic activity evaluation streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model. Among 12, 14, 15, 16, 19, 27, and 35 demonstrated significant potential to stimulate skeletal muscle cells. Compound 19 exhibited highest potency was selected evaluation. A notable reduction 21.6% (p < 0.01) blood glucose levels observed after 5 h treatment compound STZ-induced rats. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic studies affirmed that favorable oral exposure suitable pharmacological parameters. Overall, emerged as promising lead further structural modification optimization.

Language: Английский

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Pirfenidone: A Promising Drug in Ocular Therapeutics

Chemistry & Biodiversity, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 21(3)

Published: Feb. 1, 2024

Pirfenidone, initially indicated for lung fibrosis, has gone beyond its original purpose, and shown promise in eye care. This detailed review tracks evolution from treatment to aiding healing as evidenced by published literature. Pirfenidone's multifaceted attributes extend mitigating corneal inflammation, trauma. Through rigorous investigations, efficacy emerges diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, postoperative glaucoma interventions. As an unheralded protagonist, pirfenidone reshapes ocular care paradigms, inviting renewed research opportunities.

Language: Английский

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Pharmaceutical Emulsions: A Viable Approach for Ocular Drug Delivery

Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 40(5), P. 261 - 280

Published: April 24, 2024

Ocular disorders can lead to serious sight impairment and irreversible blindness. Generally simple topical systemic treatments are recommended for treating these vision-threatening illnesses. The distinctive architecture of the eye complicates ocular drug delivery. ophthalmic emulsion formulations have been found increase bioavailability in by prolonging residence time improving permeability through cornea. Therefore, this study highlights emulsions meant both anterior posterior parts while examining a wide range that affect individuals globally. This review presents, brief, recent emulsion-based patented innovations, clinical trials, marketed delivery, which strengthening development new products managing different diseases disorders.

Language: Английский

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A review on polymers in ocular drug delivery systems

MedComm – Biomaterials and Applications, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 3(2)

Published: April 23, 2024

Abstract Amid the escalating prevalence of eye diseases and intricate nature as a crucial target organ for drug delivery, researchers face significant challenges in developing delivery systems tailored specifically ocular complications. Addressing gaps current conventional system (ODDS) is this can be achieved by incorporating polymers while designing newer ODDS. This review aims to offer concise overview diverse utilized development ODDS, designed address various conditions disorders, enhance treatment outcomes, ensure patient adherence. Introducing anatomy different routes administration, alongside barriers encountered, presents polymer‐based renowned their unique properties facilitating engineering specialized devices enhanced delivery. Further discussions delve into applications ophthalmology. Emphasis placed on emerging technologies available market treating diseases, underscoring potential revolutionizing healthcare. The also addresses translating these advancements clinical practice, highlighting versatility disorders through customizable sustained

Language: Английский

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Codetermination of antimicrobial agents in rabbit tear fluid using LC–MS/MS assay: Insights into ocular pharmacokinetic study

Journal of Mass Spectrometry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 59(6)

Published: May 10, 2024

Abstract Managing ocular microbial infections typically requires pharmacotherapy using antibiotic eye drops, such as moxifloxacin hydrochloride (MFX), combined with an antifungal agent like amphotericin B (AB). We carried out and validated LC–MS/MS assay to quantify these compounds in rabbit tear fluid order look into the pharmacokinetics of two drugs. employed a protein precipitation technique for extraction drugs under examination. A Waters Symmetry C 18 column was used separate analytes internal standard. The composition mobile phase (A) 0.1% v/v formic acid water (B) methanol. detection MFX AB accomplished through utilization positive ion electrospray ionization multiple reaction monitoring mode. linearity curves both exhibited acceptable trendline across concentration range 2.34–300 ng/mL 7.81–1000 surrogate fluid. lower limit quantitation 2.34 ng/mL, while AB, it 7.81 ng/mL. approach strictly validated, encompassing tests selectivity, (with r 2 > 0.99), precision, accuracy, matrix effects, stability. Consequently, we this method evaluate profiles following single topical doses.

Language: Английский

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Recent updates on ocular disease management with ophthalmic ointments

Therapeutic Delivery, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15(6), P. 463 - 480

Published: June 2, 2024

Ophthalmic diseases can result in permanent vision loss and blindness. Convenient topical systemic treatments are preferred to address these sight-threatening conditions. However, the unique anatomy of eye presents challenges for drug delivery. Various ophthalmic ointment formulations have been developed enhance bioavailability prolong residence time improve corneal permeability. This article explores a wide range ocular affecting individuals globally how ointments used manage them. From barriers, this review focuses on published scientific research formulation strategies severe complications using conventional ointments. Additionally, it delves through patented technologies marketed supporting use

Language: Английский

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Solanum nigrum Toxicity and Its Neuroprotective Effect Against Retinal Ganglion Cell Death Through Modulation of Extracellular Matrix in a Glaucoma Rat Model

Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 40(5), P. 309 - 324

Published: April 11, 2024

Glaucoma is a complex degenerative optic neuropathy characterized by loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) leading to irreversible vision and blindness.

Language: Английский

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