Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Its Implications in Inflammation: An Overview

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 8

Published: Feb. 6, 2017

In addition to physical barriers, neutrophils are considered a part of the first line immune defense. They can be found in bloodstream, with lifespan 6-8 hours, and tissue, where they last up seven days. The mechanisms that utilize for host defense phagocytosis, degranulation, cytokine production and, most recently described, neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) production. NETs DNA structures released due chromatin decondensation spreading, thus occupy 3-5 times volume condensed chromatin. Several proteins adhere NETs, including histones over 30 components primary secondary granules, among them bactericidal activity such as elastase, myeloperoxidase, cathepsin G, lactoferrin, pentraxin 3, gelatinase, proteinase LL-37, peptidoglycan-binding others able destroy virulence factors. Three models NETosis known date. a) Suicidal NETosis, duration 2-4 is best described model. b) vital nuclear release, release without exhibiting loss or plasma membrane within 5-60 minutes, it independent ROS Raf/MERK/ERK pathway. c). final type Vital mitochondrial dependent on produced after stimuli GM-CSF LPS. Recent research has revealed more sophisticated cells precisely regulate their granular enzymes by ion fluxes immunomodulatory cytokines chemokines interact various system. Therefore, play key role autoimmunity autoinflammatory metabolic diseases. this review, we intend show two roles played neutrophils: against microorganisms contributor pathogenesis illnesses, autoimmune,

Language: Английский

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Antifungal Drug Resistance: Molecular Mechanisms in Candida albicans and Beyond

Chemical Reviews, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 121(6), P. 3390 - 3411

Published: May 22, 2020

Fungal infections are a major contributor to infectious disease-related deaths across the globe.

Language: Английский

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The emerging world of the fungal microbiome

Trends in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 21(7), P. 334 - 341

Published: May 17, 2013

Language: Английский

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Candida albicans—The Virulence Factors and Clinical Manifestations of Infection

Journal of Fungi, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 7(2), P. 79 - 79

Published: Jan. 22, 2021

Candida albicans is a common commensal fungus that colonizes the oropharyngeal cavity, gastrointestinal and vaginal tract, healthy individuals’ skin. In 50% of population, C. part normal flora microbiota. The various clinical manifestations species range from localized, superficial mucocutaneous disorders to invasive diseases involve multiple organ systems are life-threatening. From systemic local hereditary environmental, diverse factors lead disturbances in Candida’s homeostasis, resulting transition pathogenic opportunistic infections. pathophysiology onset progression infection also influenced by virulence traits development candidiasis. Oral candidiasis has wide manifestations, divided into primary secondary main supply body located infections occurs due dysbiosis residential microbiota, immune dysfunction, damage muco-intestinal barrier. presence blood associated with candidemia–invasive relationship exists as long there balance between host system albicans. This paper presents specific

Language: Английский

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Pathogenesis ofCandida albicansbiofilm

Pathogens and Disease, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 74(4), P. ftw018 - ftw018

Published: March 9, 2016

Candida albicans is the most common human fungal pathogen causing diseases ranging from mucosal to systemic infections. As a commensal, C. asymptomatically colonizes surfaces; however, any disruption in host environment or under conditions of immune dysfunction, can proliferate and invade virtually site host. The ability this highly adaptable species transition commensal due repertoire virulence factors. Specifically, switch morphology form biofilms are properties central pathogenesis. In fact, majority infections associated with biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces such as indwelling medical devices, which carry high morbidity mortality. Significantly, formed by inherently tolerant antimicrobial therapy therefore, susceptibility current therapeutic agents remains low. aim review provide an overview highlighting some diverse biofilm-associated caused opportunistic animal models available study them. Further, classes antifungal used combat these resilient discussed along mechanisms drug resistance.

Language: Английский

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TheCandidaGenome Database (CGD): incorporation of Assembly 22, systematic identifiers and visualization of high throughput sequencing data

Nucleic Acids Research, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 45(D1), P. D592 - D596

Published: Oct. 11, 2016

The Candida Genome Database (CGD, http://www.candidagenome.org/) is a freely available online resource that provides gene, protein and sequence information for multiple species, along with web-based tools accessing, analyzing exploring these data. mission of CGD to facilitate accelerate research into pathogenesis biology, by curating the scientific literature in real time, connecting literature-derived annotations latest version genomic its annotations. Here, we report incorporation Assembly 22, first chromosome-level, phased diploid assembly C. albicans genome, coupled improvements have made using additional We also creation systematic identifiers genes features system similar adopted yeast community over two decades ago. Finally, describe JBrowse CGD, which allows browsing mapped high throughput sequencing data, implementation several RNA-Seq data sets, as well whole genome was used construction 22.

Language: Английский

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Oral Candidiasis: A Disease of Opportunity

Journal of Fungi, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 6(1), P. 15 - 15

Published: Jan. 16, 2020

Oral candidiasis, commonly referred to as "thrush," is an opportunistic fungal infection that affects the oral mucosa. The main causative agent, Candida albicans, a highly versatile commensal organism well adapted its human host; however, changes in host microenvironment can promote transition from one of commensalism pathogen. This heavily reliant on impressive repertoire virulence factors, most notably cell surface adhesins, proteolytic enzymes, morphologic switching, and development drug resistance. In cavity, co-adhesion C. albicans with bacteria crucial for persistence, wide range synergistic interactions various species were described enhance colonization host. As frequent colonizer mucosa, immune response cavity oriented toward more tolerogenic state and, therefore, local innate defenses play central role maintaining state. Specifically, addition preventing adherence epithelial cells, saliva enriched anti-candidal peptides, considered be part immunity. T helper 17 (Th17)-type adaptive mainly involved mucosal defenses, controlling initial growth inhibiting subsequent tissue invasion. Animal models, mouse model oropharyngeal candidiasis rat denture stomatitis, are instrumental our understanding factors leading susceptibility infections. Given continuing rise resistance limited number traditional antifungal agents, novel therapeutic strategies directed identifying bioactive compounds target pathogenic mechanisms prevent harmless

Language: Английский

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Biocontrol yeasts: mechanisms and applications

World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 35(10)

Published: Oct. 1, 2019

Abstract Yeasts occur in all environments and have been described as potent antagonists of various plant pathogens. Due to their antagonistic ability, undemanding cultivation requirements, limited biosafety concerns, many these unicellular fungi considered for biocontrol applications. Here, we review the fundamental research on mechanisms (e.g., competition, enzyme secretion, toxin production, volatiles, mycoparasitism, induction resistance) by which yeasts exert activity protection agents. In a second part, focus five yeast species ( Candida oleophila, Aureobasidium pullulans, Metschnikowia fructicola, Cryptococcus albidus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) that are or registered application products. These examples demonstrate potential commercial usage, but this also highlights scarcity studies yeast-based Yeast thus represent largely unexplored field plentiful opportunities development commercial, applications exist.

Language: Английский

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Microbial biosurfactants: current trends and applications in agricultural and biomedical industries

Journal of Applied Microbiology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 127(1), P. 12 - 28

Published: March 4, 2019

Synthetic surfactants are becoming increasingly unpopular in many applications due to previously disregarded effects on biological systems and this has led a new focus replacing such products with biosurfactants that biodegradable produced from renewal resources. Microbially derived have been investigated numerous studies areas including: increasing feed digestibility an agricultural context, improving seed protection fertility, plant pathogen control, antimicrobial activity, antibiofilm wound healing dermatological care, improved oral cavity drug delivery anticancer treatments. The development of the potential hindered somewhat by myriad approaches taken their investigations, pathogens as source species costs associated large-scale production. Here, we various microbial sources current trends terms biomedical applications.

Language: Английский

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Candida Infections and Therapeutic Strategies: Mechanisms of Action for Traditional and Alternative Agents

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: July 3, 2018

The Candida genus comprises opportunistic fungi that can become pathogenic when the immune system of host fails. albicans is most important and prevalent species. Polyenes, fluoropyrimidines, echinocandins, azoles are used as commercial antifungal agents to treat candidiasis. However, presence intrinsic developed resistance against azole antifungals has been extensively documented among several advent original re-emergence classical fungal diseases have occurred a consequence development phenomenon. In this way, new satisfactory therapy for persists major challenge present-day medicine. design drugs from traditional medicines provides promises in modern clinic. urgent need includes alternative more efficient tolerant than those already use. identification substances with potential effect at low concentrations or combination also possibility. present review briefly examines infections caused by species focuses on mechanisms action associated infections, well current understanding molecular basis these addition, describes some promising molecules and/or could be anticandidal agents, their action, use drugs.

Language: Английский

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