Dopaminergic
neurons
(DANs)
carry
out
multiple
tasks
in
the
brain,
including
transmission
of
information
related
to
rewards
and
punishments
across
various
animal
species.
They
are
responsible
for
evaluating
sensory
input,
storing
resulting
associations
as
memory,
continuously
updating
them
based
on
their
relevance
reliability.
Accurate
comprehension
dopaminergic
system’s
operation
necessitates
an
understanding
specific
functions
mediated
by
individual
DANs.
To
this
end,
our
research
employs
Drosophila
larvae,
which
possess
approximately
12,000
brains,
only
around
1%
(approximately
120)
DANs.The
presynaptic
projections
mushroom
body
(MB)
-
a
brain
region
pivotal
associative
olfactory
learning
insects
limited
eight
larval
neurons.
These
DANs
further
subdivided
into
two
clusters:
primary
protocerebral
anterior
medial
cluster
(pPAM)
comprises
four
cells,
dorsolateral
1
(DL1)
remaining
cells.
Our
findings
confirm
previous
that
demonstrates
pPAM
innervating
MB’s
lobe
encode
gustatory
sugar
reward
signal.
Furthermore,
we
have
identified
DL1
DAN-c1,
DAN-d1,
DAN-f1,
DAN-g1
each
innervates
distinct
compartments
MB
peduncle,
lateral
appendix,
vertical
lobe.
Optogenetic
activation
DAN-f1
alone
suffices
substitute
punishment.
optogenetic
inhibition,
calcium
imaging
results
electron
microscopy-based
reconstruction
all
input
circuits
demonstrate
DAN
encodes
different
aspect
punishment,
with
being
central
importance
salt
dependent
teaching
signal.To
summarize,
investigation
has
revealed
existence
cellular
division
labor
among
concerning
(pPAM
cluster)
punishment
signals
(DL1
cluster).
Individual
but
partially
overlapping
aspects
The
striking
resemblance
organizing
principle
its
adult
counterpart
mammalian
basal
ganglion
suggests
there
may
be
number
efficient
neural
circuit
solutions
available
address
more
complex
cognitive
challenges
nature.
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Aug. 22, 2020
Abstract
Nervous
systems
coordinate
effectors
across
the
body
during
movements.
We
know
little
about
cellular-level
structure
of
synaptic
circuits
for
such
body-wide
control.
Here
we
describe
whole-body
connectome
and
cell-type
complement
a
three-segmented
larva
marine
annelid
Platynereis
dumerilii
.
reconstructed
annotated
over
1,500
neurons
6,500
non-neuronal
cells
in
serial
electron
microscopy
dataset.
The
differentiated
fall
into
180
neuronal
90
cell
types.
analyse
modular
network
architecture
entire
nervous
system
polysynaptic
pathways
from
428
sensory
to
four
effector
–
ciliated
cells,
glands,
pigment
muscles.
complete
somatic
musculature
its
innervation
will
be
described
companion
paper.
also
investigated
intersegmental
differences
complement,
descending
ascending
pathways,
mechanosensory
peptidergic
circuits.
Our
work
provides
basis
understanding
coordination
annelids.
Neuroendocrine
systems
in
animals
maintain
organismal
homeostasis
and
regulate
stress
response.
Although
a
great
deal
of
work
has
been
done
on
the
neuropeptides
hormones
that
are
released
act
target
organs
periphery,
synaptic
inputs
onto
these
neuroendocrine
outputs
brain
less
well
understood.
Here,
we
use
transmission
electron
microscopy
reconstruction
whole
central
nervous
system
Drosophila
larva
to
elucidate
sensory
pathways
interneurons
provide
input
neurosecretory
cells
projecting
endocrine
organs.
Predicted
by
network
modeling,
also
identify
new
carbon
dioxide-responsive
acts
specific
set
includes
those
expressing
corazonin
(Crz)
diuretic
hormone
44
(Dh44)
neuropeptides.
Our
analysis
reveals
neuronal
architecture
for
combinatorial
action
based
interneuronal
converge
distinct
combinations
outputs.
Taste
detection
and
hunger
state
dynamically
regulate
the
decision
to
initiate
feeding.
To
study
how
context-appropriate
feeding
decisions
are
generated,
we
combined
synaptic
resolution
circuit
reconstruction
with
targeted
genetic
access
specific
neurons
elucidate
a
gustatory
sensorimotor
for
initiation
in
adult
Drosophila
melanogaster.
This
connects
sensory
proboscis
motor
through
three
intermediate
layers.
Most
this
pathway
necessary
sufficient
extension,
behavior,
respond
selectively
sugar
taste
detection.
Pathway
activity
is
amplified
by
signals
that
act
at
select
second-order
promote
food-deprived
animals.
In
contrast,
inhibited
bitter
impinges
on
premotor
neurons,
illuminating
local
motif
weighs
adjust
behavioral
outcomes.
Together,
these
studies
reveal
central
mechanisms
integration
of
external
internal
nutritive
flexibly
execute
critical
decision.
Gustatory
sensory
neurons
detect
caloric
and
harmful
compounds
in
potential
food
convey
this
information
to
the
brain
inform
feeding
decisions.
To
examine
signals
that
gustatory
transmit
receive,
we
reconstructed
axons
their
synaptic
sites
adult
Frontiers in Neural Circuits,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
17
Published: Aug. 17, 2023
The
motions
that
make
up
animal
behavior
arise
from
the
interplay
between
neural
circuits
and
mechanical
parts
of
body.
Therefore,
in
order
to
comprehend
operational
mechanisms
governing
behavior,
it
is
essential
examine
not
only
underlying
network
but
also
characteristics
animal’s
locomotor
system
fly
larvae
serves
as
an
ideal
model
for
pursuing
this
integrative
approach.
By
virtue
diverse
investigation
methods
encompassing
connectomics
analysis
quantification
locomotion
kinematics,
research
on
larval
has
shed
light
behavior.
These
studies
have
elucidated
roles
interneurons
coordinating
muscle
activities
within
segments,
well
responsible
exploration.
This
review
aims
provide
overview
recent
neuromechanics
larvae.
We
briefly
interspecific
diversity
explore
latest
advancements
soft
robots
inspired
by
locomotion.
using
could
establish
a
practical
framework
scrutinizing
other
species.
