Large-scale deorphanization of Nematostella vectensis neuropeptide G protein-coupled receptors supports the independent expansion of bilaterian and cnidarian peptidergic systems

eLife, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: May 10, 2024

Neuropeptides are ancient signaling molecules in animals but only few peptide receptors known outside bilaterians. Cnidarians possess a large number of G protein-coupled (GPCRs) – the most common bilaterian neuropeptides these remain orphan with no ligands. We searched for sea anemone Nematostella vectensis and created library 64 peptides derived from 33 precursors. In large-scale pharmacological screen 161 N. GPCRs, we identified 31 specifically activated by 1 to 3 14 peptides. Mapping GPCR neuropeptide expression single-cell sequencing data revealed how cnidarian tissues extensively connected multilayer peptidergic networks. Phylogenetic analysis direct orthology systems supports independent expansion cnidarians ancestral peptide-receptor pairs.

Language: Английский

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A review of molt in mammals, with an emphasis on marmots (Rodentia: Sciuridae: Marmota)

Journal of Mammalogy, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 105(5), P. 1200 - 1215

Published: June 27, 2024

Abstract Molting is an evolutionarily ancient trait in which the outermost layer of organism replenished, usually according to a regular circannual rhythm. It metabolically costly process and, vertebrates, generally timed around other energetically demanding events such as reproduction and migration. In mammals, molting involves replacement fur coat—one most distinct innovations mammalian lineage. Despite obvious importance hair fitness, our knowledge growth cycles, patterns, structure remains largely restricted marine domesticated ability identify explicit adaptive advantages strategies any mammal therefore limited. this review, we summarize what known these topics wild, terrestrial mammals with particular emphasis on marmots (Marmota spp.). Marmots are largest extant ground squirrels well adapted seasonally cold environments. may be particularly relevant fitness given presumed healthy, insulative coat for metabolic efficiency Moreover, hibernate 7 8 months each year, meaning annual molt all life-history (such parturition, lactation, fat accumulation, dispersal) constrained active period only 4 5 months. Because energetics hibernation, reproduction, social behavior already studied, examining how respect important it influenced by local conditions inform prioritized evolve under specific selective pressures.

Language: Английский

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Insights into early animal evolution from the genome of the xenacoelomorph worm Xenoturbella bocki

eLife, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: Aug. 7, 2024

The evolutionary origins of Bilateria remain enigmatic. One the more enduring proposals highlights similarities between a cnidarian-like planula larva and simple acoel-like flatworms. This idea is based in part on view Xenacoelomorpha as an outgroup to all other bilaterians which are themselves designated Nephrozoa (protostomes deuterostomes). Genome data can provide important comparative help understand evolution biology enigmatic species better. Here, we assemble analyze genome simple, marine xenacoelomorph Xenoturbella bocki , key for our understanding early bilaterian evolution. Our highly contiguous assembly X. has size ~111 Mbp 18 chromosome-like scaffolds, with repeat content intron, exon, intergenic space comparable invertebrates. We find have similar number genes retained ancestral metazoan synteny. Key signaling pathways also largely complete most miRNAs present. Overall, conclude that complex typical bilaterians, does not reflect apparent simplicity its body plan been so sister group rest Bilateria.

Language: Английский

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The moulting arthropod: a complete genetic toolkit review

Published: Jan. 13, 2024

Exoskeletons are a defining character of all arthropods that provide physical support for their segmented bodies and appendages as well protection from the environment predation. This ubiquitous yet evolutionarily variable feature has been instrumental in facilitating adoption variety lifestyles exploitation ecological niches across environments. Throughout radiation Arthropoda produced more than one million described modern species, adaptability afforded by segmentation exoskeletons led to diversity is unrivalled amongst animals. However, because cannot grow, they must be periodically shed replaced with new larger ones accommodate growing individuals encased within. Arthropods therefore undergo periodic moulting events, which follow series steps preparatory pre-moult phase ecdysis itself post-moult maturation exoskeleton. Each event represents particularly vulnerable period an arthropod’s life cycle, so process tightly regulated meticulously executed ensure successful transitions normal growth development. Decades research representative foundation understanding mechanisms involved. Building on this, studies continue develop test hypotheses presence function molecular components, including neuropeptides, hormones, receptors, so-called early, late, fate genes, arthropod diversity. Here, we review literature comprehensive overview current status accumulated knowledge genetic toolkit governing moulting. From biosynthesis regulation ecdysteroid sesquiterpenoid factors involved hormonal stimulation responses exoskeleton remodelling, identify commonalities differences, highlighting major gaps, groups. We examine available evidence supporting models how components operate together prepare for, execute, recover ecdysis, comparing reports Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Crustacea, Hexapoda. Evidence generally highly taxonomically imbalanced, most based insect study systems. Biases also evident different phases processes, early triggers late effectors being least explored. Our synthesis contrasts reported observations reasonably plausible assumptions given taxonomic sampling, exposes weak or gaps need addressing. Encouragingly, advances genomics driving diversification tractable systems cataloguing putative toolkits previously under-explored taxa. Analysis genome transcriptome data supported experimental investigations have validated “ultra-conserved” core genes. The machinery likely evolved elaborations this conserved pathway backbone, but exploration needed characterise lineage-specific changes novelties. Furthermore, linking these transformative innovations processes remains hampered untested assumptions. Promisingly however, emerging framework highlights avenues underlying genetics dynamic biology through complex physiology

Language: Английский

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Ecdysteroid-dependent molting in tardigrades

Current Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Nov. 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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The slowly evolving genome of the xenacoelomorph wormXenoturbella bocki

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: June 27, 2022

Abstract The evolutionary origins of Bilateria remain enigmatic. One the more enduring proposals highlights similarities between a cnidarian-like planula larva and simple acoel-like flatworms. This idea is based in part on view Xenacoelomorpha as an outgroup to all other bilaterians which are themselves designated Nephrozoa (protostomes deuterostomes). Genome data can help elucidate phylogenetic relationships provide important comparative data. Here we assemble analyse genome simple, marine xenacoelomorph Xenoturbella bocki , key species for our understanding early bilaterian deuterostome evolution. Our highly contiguous assembly X. has size ∼111 Mbp 18 chromosome like scaffolds, with repeat content intron, exon intergenic space comparable invertebrates. We find have similar number genes retained ancestral metazoan synteny. Key signalling pathways also largely complete most miRNAs present. conclude that complex typical bilaterians, contrast apparent simplicity its body plan. Overall, do not evidence supporting primitively gene presence/absence support relationship Ambulacraria.

Language: Английский

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Ecdysis triggering hormone is essential for larva–pupa–adult transformation in Leptinotarsa decemlineata

Insect Molecular Biology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 30(3), P. 241 - 252

Published: Dec. 27, 2020

Abstract In Drosophila melanogaster , ecdysis triggering hormone (ETH) is the key factor behaviour and promoting trachea clearance. However, whether ETH plays dual roles in non‐dipteran insects unknown. this survey, we found that Ldeth mRNA levels were positively correlated with circulating 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20E) titers Leptinotarsa decemlineata . Ingestion of an ecdysteroid agonist halofenozide or 20E stimulated transcription whereas RNA interference (RNAi) ecdysteroidogenesis ( LdPTTH LdSHD ) signalling LdEcR LdUSP LdFTZ‐F1 genes inhibited expression, indicating acts downstream 20E. RNAi at final instar stage impaired pupation. More than 80% ‐depleted beetles remained as prepupae, completely wrapped old larval cuticles. These prepupae became withered, dried darkened gradually, finally died soil. The remaining hypomorphs pupated emerged abnormal adults, bearing smaller wrinkle elytrum hindwing. Moreover, tracheae full liquid. We accordingly proposed failure clearance disenabled air‐swallowing after pupa–adult impacted wing expansion. Our results suggest roles, initiation motivation clearance, a coleopteran.

Language: Английский

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Identification and characterization of ecdysis-related neuropeptides in the lone star tick Amblyomma americanum

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: Aug. 25, 2023

The lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum, is an important ectoparasite known for transmitting diseases to humans and animals. Ecdysis-related neuropeptides (ERNs) control behaviors crucial arthropods shed exoskeletons. However, ERN identification characterization in A. americanum remain incomplete.We investigated ERNs assessing their evolutionary relationships, protein properties, functions. Phylogeny, sequence alignment, domain structures of were analyzed. functionality was explored using enrichment analysis, developmental tissue-specific expression profiles examined qPCR RNAi experiments.The study shows that catalogs (i.e., eclosion hormone, corazonin, bursicon) are found most arachnids, these have high relatedness with other tick species. Protein modeling analysis indicates primarily consist secondary stabilizing forces hydrophobic clusters, hydrogen bond networks, salt bridges). Gene functional ENRs involved many ecdysis-related functions, including ecdysis-triggering hormone activity, neuropeptide signaling pathway, corazonin receptor binding. Bursicon proteins functions chitin binding G protein-coupled activity strong interactions leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled 5. expressed higher levels newly molted adults synganglia. RNAi-mediated knockdown burs α β led a significant decrease the antimicrobial peptide, defensin, suggesting they might act or regulatory pathways immune-related genes. Arthropods vulnerable immediately after molting because new cuticles soft susceptible injury pathogen infections. homodimers prophylactic immunity during this period by increasing synthesis transcripts encoding peptides protect them from microbial invasion. Collectively, pattern contribute deeper understanding physiological processes americanum.

Language: Английский

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Large-scale deorphanization of Nematostella vectensis neuropeptide GPCRs supports the independent expansion of bilaterian and cnidarian peptidergic systems

Published: April 8, 2024

Neuropeptides are ancient signaling molecules in animals but only few peptide receptors known outside bilaterians. Cnidarians possess a large number of G protein-coupled (GPCRs) – the most common bilaterian neuropeptides these remain orphan with no ligands. We searched for sea anemone Nematostella vectensis and created library 64 peptides derived from 33 precursors. In large-scale pharmacological screen 161 N. GPCRs, we identified 31 specifically activated by one 14 peptides. Mapping GPCR neuropeptide expression to single-cell sequencing data revealed how cnidarian tissues extensively wired multilayer peptidergic networks. Phylogenetic analysis direct orthology systems supports independent expansion cnidarians ancestral peptide-receptor pairs.

Language: Английский

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Rnai-based functional analysis of bursicon genes related to cuticle pigmentation in a ladybird beetle

Journal of Insect Physiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 158, P. 104696 - 104696

Published: Aug. 22, 2024

Language: Английский

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