Brain Sciences,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
15(3), P. 279 - 279
Published: March 6, 2025
The
blood–brain
barrier
(BBB)
comprises
distinct
cell
types,
including
endothelial
cells,
pericytes,
and
astrocytes,
is
essential
for
central
nervous
system
(CNS)
homeostasis
by
selectively
regulating
molecular
transport
maintaining
integrity.
In
particular,
astrocytes
are
BBB
function,
as
they
maintain
integrity
through
their
end-feet,
which
form
a
physical
biochemical
interface
that
enhances
function
selectivity.
Moreover,
secrete
growth
factors
like
vascular
factor
(VEGF)
transforming
factor-beta
(TGF-β),
regulate
tight
junction
(TJ)
proteins
(e.g.,
claudins
occludins)
crucial
limiting
paracellular
permeability.
Molecular
motors
kinesins,
dynein,
myosins
these
astrocyte
functions.
By
facilitating
vesicular
trafficking
protein
transport,
various
functions,
of
junctional
to
support
integrity,
the
proper
mitochondria
localization
within
processes
efficient
energy
supply,
polarized
distribution
aquaporin
(AQP)-4
at
end-feet
water
across
BBB,
modulation
neuroinflammatory
responses.
myosin
modulate
actomyosin
dynamics
process
outgrowth,
adhesion,
migration,
morphology,
functional
roles.
Thus,
motor
dysregulation
in
can
compromise
increasing
risk
neurodegeneration.
This
review
explores
complex
interplay
between
homeostasis,
represents
an
attractive
but
poorly
explored
area
research.
Cells,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
11(17), P. 2728 - 2728
Published: Sept. 1, 2022
Alzheimer’s
disease
(AD)
is
the
most
common
form
of
dementia
worldwide,
with
a
complex,
poorly
understood
pathogenesis.
Cerebral
atrophy,
amyloid-β
(Aβ)
plaques,
and
neurofibrillary
tangles
represent
main
pathological
hallmarks
AD
brain.
Recently,
neuroinflammation
has
been
recognized
as
prominent
feature
brain
substantial
evidence
suggests
that
inflammatory
response
modulates
progression.
Additionally,
dysregulation
calcium
(Ca2+)
homeostasis
represents
another
early
factor
involved
in
pathogenesis,
intracellular
Ca2+
concentration
essential
to
ensure
proper
cellular
neuronal
functions.
Although
growing
supports
involvement
mechanisms
neurodegeneration-related
processes,
scant
data
are
available
on
its
contribution
microglia
astrocytes
functioning,
both
health
throughout
continuum.
Nevertheless,
AD-related
aberrant
signalling
crucially
underpinning
neuroinflammatory
processes
that,
turn,
impact
function.
In
this
light,
we
attempted
provide
an
overview
current
understanding
interactions
between
glia
cells-mediated
responses
molecular
AD.
Stem Cell Research & Therapy,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
14(1)
Published: Aug. 8, 2023
Abstract
Regenerative
repair
of
the
brain
after
traumatic
injury
(TBI)
remains
an
extensive
clinical
challenge,
inspiring
intensified
interest
in
therapeutic
approaches
to
explore
superior
strategies.
Exosome
therapy
is
another
research
hotspot
following
stem
cell
alternative
therapy.
Prior
verified
that
exosomes
produced
by
neural
cells
can
participate
physiological
and
pathological
changes
associated
with
TBI
have
potential
neuroregulatory
functions.
In
comparison
their
parental
cells,
stability
immune
tolerance
lower
tumorigenic
risk.
addition,
they
readily
penetrate
blood‒brain
barrier,
which
makes
treatment
efficiency
transplanted
cells.
Exosomes
secreted
present
a
promising
strategy
for
development
novel
regenerative
therapies.
Their
tissue
regeneration
immunomodulatory
made
them
encouraging
candidates
repair.
The
review
addresses
challenges,
applications
mechanisms
regenerating
damaged
brains.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
24(24), P. 17146 - 17146
Published: Dec. 5, 2023
Neurological
disorders
have
been
linked
to
a
defective
blood–brain
barrier
(BBB),
with
dysfunctions
triggered
by
stage-specific
disease
mechanisms,
some
of
these
being
generated
through
interactions
in
the
neurovascular
unit
(NVU).
Advanced
knowledge
molecular
and
signaling
mechanisms
NVU
emergence
improved
experimental
models
allow
BBB
permeability
prediction
development
new
brain-targeted
therapies.
As
constituents,
astrocytes
are
most
numerous
glial
cells,
characterized
heterogeneity
that
occurs
as
result
developmental
context-based
gene
expression
profiles
differential
non-coding
ribonucleic
acids
(RNAs).
Due
their
dynamic
responses
different
signals,
may
beneficial
or
detrimental
role
BBB’s
function,
deep
effects
on
pathophysiology
(and
progression
of)
central
nervous
system
diseases.
The
implication
astrocytic-derived
extracellular
vesicles
pathological
due
ability
pass
BBB,
must
also
be
considered.
astrocytes’
interaction
endothelial
cells
at
level
considered
promising
therapeutic
targets
neurological
conditions.
Nevertheless,
personalized
well-founded
approach
addressed,
temporal
spatial
reactive
astrogliosis
states
during
disease.
Journal of Clinical Medicine,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
14(2), P. 386 - 386
Published: Jan. 9, 2025
The
blood-brain
barrier
(BBB)
is
a
crucial
structure
that
maintains
brain
homeostasis
by
regulating
the
entry
of
molecules
and
cells
from
bloodstream
into
central
nervous
system
(CNS).
Neurodegenerative
diseases
such
as
Alzheimer's
Parkinson's
disease,
well
ischemic
stroke,
compromise
integrity
BBB.
This
leads
to
increased
permeability
infiltration
harmful
substances,
thereby
accelerating
neurodegeneration.
In
this
review,
we
explore
mechanisms
underlying
BBB
disruption,
including
oxidative
stress,
neuroinflammation,
vascular
dysfunction,
loss
tight
junction
integrity,
in
patients
with
neurodegenerative
diseases.
We
discuss
how
breakdown
contributes
neurotoxicity,
abnormal
accumulation
pathological
proteins,
all
which
exacerbate
neuronal
damage
facilitate
disease
progression.
Furthermore,
potential
therapeutic
strategies
aimed
at
preserving
or
restoring
function,
anti-inflammatory
treatments,
antioxidant
therapies,
approaches
enhance
integrity.
Given
role
neurodegeneration,
maintaining
its
represents
promising
approach
slow
prevent
progression
Acta Physiologica,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
241(2)
Published: Jan. 16, 2025
The
blood-brain
barrier
(BBB)
is
a
highly
selective,
semipermeable
critical
for
maintaining
brain
homeostasis.
BBB
regulates
the
transport
of
essential
nutrients,
hormones,
and
signaling
molecules
between
bloodstream
central
nervous
system
(CNS),
while
simultaneously
protecting
from
potentially
harmful
substances
pathogens.
This
selective
permeability
ensures
that
nourished
shielded
toxins.
An
exception
to
this
are
regions,
such
as
hypothalamus
circumventricular
organs,
which
irrigated
by
fenestrated
capillaries,
allowing
rapid
direct
response
various
blood
components.
We
overview
metabolic
functions
BBB,
with
an
emphasis
on
impact
altered
glucose
metabolism
insulin
in
pathogenesis
neurodegenerative
diseases.
Notably,
endothelial
cells
constituting
exhibit
distinct
characteristics,
primarily
generating
ATP
through
aerobic
glycolysis.
occurs
despite
their
exposure
abundant
oxygen
bloodstream,
typically
supports
oxidative
phosphorylation.
effects
astrocytes,
form
glial
limitans
component
show
marked
sexual
dimorphism.
nutrient
sensing
hypothalamus,
along
signaling,
systemic
metabolism.
Insulin
modifies
regulating
expression
tight
junction
proteins,
angiogenesis,
vascular
remodeling,
well
modulating
flow
brain.
disruptions
particularly
evident
diseases,
Alzheimer's
disease
Parkinson's
disease,
where
breakdown
accelerates
cognitive
decline.
review
highlights
role
normal
functionality
investigates
how
these
pathways
contribute
onset
progression
Ageing & Longevity,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
1.2025, P. 6 - 21
Published: Jan. 17, 2025
Neuroglia
of
the
central
nervous
system,
represented
by
astroglia,
oligodendroglia
and
microglia,
are
fundamental
for
life-long
support
homeostasis,
plasticity
defence
neural
tissue.
In
particular
neuroglial
cells
contribute
to
cognitive
reserve,
which
defines
neurological
outcome
both
physiological
pathological
ageing.
Physiological
ageing
is
accompanied
with
structural
functional
decline
neuroglia.
particular,
astrocytes
undergo
morphological
atrophy
asthenia
compromises
their
vital
functions
such
as
glutamate
clearance,
K+
buffering
synaptic
support.
Old
oligodendrocytes
lose
myelination
capacity,
results
in
thinning
myelin
sheath
white
matter.
Finally,
associated
accumulation
dystrophic
microglia
limits
neuroprotection.
Age-dependent
impedes
contributes
impairment,
increases
vulnerability
system
neurodegeneration.
Life
style
changes
positively
impact
on
structure
function
this
improving
longevity.
Keywords:
ageing;
longevity;
neuroglia,
oligodendroglia;
oligodendroglial
precursor
cells;
Neurobiology of Disease,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
179, P. 106054 - 106054
Published: Feb. 25, 2023
Nervous
system
is
segregated
from
the
body
by
complex
of
barriers.
The
CNS
protected
(i)
blood–brain
and
blood-spinal
cord
barrier
between
intracerebral
intraspinal
blood
vessels
brain
parenchyma;
(ii)
arachnoid
blood-cerebrospinal
fluid
barrier;
(iii)
circumventricular
organs
made
tanycytes
(iv)
choroid
plexus
blood-CSF
formed
ependymocytes.
In
peripheral
nervous
nerve-blood
secured
tight
junctions
specialised
glial
cells
known
as
perineural
cells.
astroglia
contribute
to
all
barriers
through
glia
limitans,
which
represent
parenchymal
portion
system.
Astroglia
secretion
various
paracrine
factors
regulate
permeability
endothelial
vascular
in
pathology
damage
or
asthenia
astrocytes
may
compromise
integrity.
CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
29(S1), P. 59 - 73
Published: Jan. 4, 2023
Abstract
Background
Diabetic
cognitive
dysfunction
(DCD)
is
one
of
the
most
insidious
complications
type
2
diabetes
mellitus,
which
can
seriously
affect
ability
to
self‐monitoring
blood
glucose
and
quality
life
in
elderly.
Previous
pathological
studies
have
focused
on
neuronal
dysfunction,
characterized
by
extracellular
beta‐amyloid
deposition
intracellular
tau
hyperphosphorylation.
In
recent
years,
astrocytes
been
recognized
as
a
potential
therapeutic
target
for
important
participants
central
control
metabolism.
The
disorder
gut
microbiota
their
metabolites
linked
series
metabolic
diseases
such
mellitus.
imbalance
intestinal
flora
has
effect
promoting
occurrence
deterioration
several
diabetes‐related
complications.
Gut
microbes
drive
astrocyte
activation.
Aims
We
reviewed
progress
DCD
related
“gut
microbiota‐astrocyte”
axis
terms
peripheral
inflammation,
blood–brain
barrier
(BBB)
systemic
brain
energy
metabolism
disorders
deepen
research
explore
targets.
Conclusion
“Gut
axis,
unique
bidirectional
crosstalk
brain‐gut
mediates
intermediate
process
neurocognitive
secondary
Life,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
12(6), P. 910 - 910
Published: June 17, 2022
Stroke
is
a
leading
cause
of
death
and
long-term
disability
worldwide.
Astrocytes
structurally
compose
tripartite
synapses,
blood–brain
barrier,
the
neurovascular
unit
perform
multiple
functions
through
cell-to-cell
signaling
neurons,
glial
cells,
vasculature.
The
crosstalk
astrocytes
other
cells
complicated
incompletely
understood.
Here
we
review
role
in
response
to
ischemic
stroke,
both
beneficial
detrimental,
from
cell–cell
interaction
perspective.
Reactive
provide
neuroprotection
antioxidation
antiexcitatory
effects
metabolic
support;
they
also
contribute
neurorestoration
involving
neurogenesis,
synaptogenesis,
angiogenesis,
oligodendrogenesis
by
with
stem
cell
lineage.
In
meantime,
reactive
play
vital
neuroinflammation
brain
edema.
Glial
scar
formation
chronic
phase
hinders
functional
recovery.
We
further
discuss
astrocyte
enriched
microRNAs
exosomes
regulation
stroke.
addition,
latest
notion
subsets
astrocytic
activity
revealed
optogenetics
mentioned.
This
discusses
current
understanding
intimate
molecular
conversation
between
outlines
its
potential
implications
after
“Neurocentric”
strategies
may
not
be
sufficient
for
neurological
protection
recovery;
future
therapeutic
could
target
astrocytes.
Neuroglia,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
unknown, P. 199 - 294
Published: Jan. 1, 2023
Astroglial
cells
are
fundamental
for
the
most
basic
functions
of
central
nervous
system,
which
define
its
development,
maintenance,
survival
and
operation.
Astroglia
key
element
brain
barriers,
production
turnover
cerebrospinal
fluid,
ionostasis
extracellular
space.
Astrocytes
maintain
function
glymphatic
system
responsible
from
removal
cellular
waste.
an
indispensable
part
synaptic
networks,
controlling
synaptogenesis,
maintenance
elimination,
through
astroglial
cradle.
Finally,
astrocytic
morphological
functional
plasticity
critical
elements
plastic
remodelling
neuronal
ensembles,
this
being
learning,
memory
behaviour.