Breast Cancer Metastasis: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 23(12), P. 6806 - 6806

Published: June 18, 2022

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide. Metastasis leading cause of high mortality cancers. Although predicting early stage breast before metastasis can increase survival rate, often discovered or diagnosed after has occurred. In general, a poor prognosis because it starts as local disease and spread to lymph nodes distant organs, contributing significant impediment treatment. Metastatic cells acquire aggressive characteristics from tumor microenvironment (TME) through several mechanisms including epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) epigenetic regulation. Therefore, understanding nature mechanism facilitate development targeted therapeutics focused on metastasis. This review discusses current therapies improve diagnosis patients with metastatic cancer.

Language: Английский

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Metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic modifications in cancer: from the impacts and mechanisms to the treatment potential

Experimental & Molecular Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 55(7), P. 1357 - 1370

Published: July 3, 2023

Abstract Metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic modifications are hallmarks of cancer cells. In cells, metabolic pathway activity varies during tumorigenesis progression, indicating regulated plasticity. changes often closely related to changes, such as alterations in the expression or epigenetically modified enzymes, which may exert a direct an indirect influence on cellular metabolism. Therefore, exploring mechanisms underlying regulating tumor cell metabolism is important for further understanding pathogenesis. Here, we mainly focus latest studies regulations, including glucose, lipid amino acid context, then emphasize modifications. Specifically, discuss role played by DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling, noncoding RNAs histone lactylation growth progression. Finally, summarize prospects potential therapeutic strategies based

Language: Английский

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Gene body methylation in cancer: molecular mechanisms and clinical applications

Clinical Epigenetics, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: Nov. 28, 2022

Abstract DNA methylation is an important epigenetic mechanism that regulates gene expression. To date, most studies have focussed on CpG islands in the promoter region, and of regulation expression after been clearly elucidated. However, genome-wide shown widespread not only promoters but also bodies. Gene body widely involved many genes closely related to occurrence progression malignant tumours. This review focusses formation patterns, its transcription, relationship with tumours, providing clues explore regulating transcription significance application field oncology.

Language: Английский

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The Role of Epigenetic Modifications in Human Cancers and the Use of Natural Compounds as Epidrugs: Mechanistic Pathways and Pharmacodynamic Actions

Biomolecules, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12(3), P. 367 - 367

Published: Feb. 25, 2022

Cancer is a complex disease resulting from the genetic and epigenetic disruption of normal cells. The mechanistic understanding pathways involved in tumor transformation has implicated priori predominance perturbations posteriori instability. In this work, we aimed to explain involvement cancer process, as well abilities natural bioactive compounds isolated medicinal plants (flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes, ketones) specifically target epigenome molecular events leading transformation, angiogenesis, dissemination are often complex, stochastic, take turns. On other hand, decisive advances genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics have allowed, recent years, for decryption cancerization process. This could possibility targeting or that mechanism cancerization. With plasticity flexibility modifications, some studies started pharmacological screening substances against different (DNA methylation, histone acetylation, chromatin remodeling) restore cellular memory lost during transformation. These can inhibit DNMTs, modify remodeling, adjust modifications favor pre-established cell identity by differentiation program. Epidrugs molecules program therefore cancerous diseases. Natural products such flavonoids acids shown their ability exhibit several actions on modifiers, inhibition DNMT, HMT, HAT. mechanisms these specific pleiotropic sometimes be use anticancer epidrugs currently remarkable avenue fight human cancers.

Language: Английский

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β-Sitosterol as a Promising Anticancer Agent for Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy: Mechanisms of Action and Future Prospects

Advances in Nutrition, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(5), P. 1085 - 1110

Published: May 27, 2023

Cancer is one of the primary causes death worldwide, and its incidence continues to increase yearly. Despite significant advances in research, search for effective nontoxic preventive therapeutic agents remains greatly important. a multimodal disease, where various mechanisms play roles occurrence progression. This highlights need multitargeted approaches that are not only safe inexpensive but also provide alternatives current regimens. β-Sitosterol (SIT), most abundant phytosterol found plant foods, represents such an option. Preclinical evidence over past few decades has overwhelmingly shown SIT exhibits multiple anticancer activities against varied cancers, as liver, cervical, colon, stomach, breast, lung, pancreatic, prostate addition leukemia, myeloma, melanoma, fibrosarcoma. In this article, we present latest perspectives on SIT-systematically summarizing antitumor action into 7 main sections combining challenges prospects-for use promising agent cancer prevention treatment. particular, plays role treatment mainly by enhancing apoptosis, inducing cell cycle arrest, bidirectionally regulating oxidative stress, improving metabolic reprogramming, inhibiting invasion metastasis, modulating immunity inflammation, combating drug resistance. Although holds great promise, poor aqueous solubility bioavailability coupled with low targeting efficacy limit clinical application. Further research novel delivery systems may improve these deficiencies. Overall, through complex pleiotropic mechanisms, good potential tumor chemoprevention chemotherapy. However, no trials have yet proven potential. review provides theoretical basis rationality further design conduct confirm activity SIT.

Language: Английский

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Modulation of the tumor microenvironment and mechanism of immunotherapy-based drug resistance in breast cancer

Molecular Cancer, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 23(1)

Published: May 7, 2024

Abstract Breast cancer, the most frequent female malignancy, is often curable when detected at an early stage. The treatment of metastatic breast cancer more challenging and may be unresponsive to conventional therapy. Immunotherapy crucial for treating but its resistance a major limitation. tumor microenvironment (TME) vital in modulating immunotherapy response. Various microenvironmental components, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), are involved TME modulation cause resistance. This review highlights role stromal microenvironment, including involvement CAF-TAM interaction, alteration metabolism leading failure, other latest strategies, high throughput genomic screening, single-cell spatial omics techniques identifying immune genes regulating emphasizes therapeutic approach overcome through CAF reprogramming, TAM polarization, metabolism, alterations.

Language: Английский

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Epigenetic Regulation in Breast Cancer: Insights on Epidrugs

Epigenomes, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 7(1), P. 6 - 6

Published: Feb. 18, 2023

Breast cancer remains a common cause of cancer-related death in women. Therefore, further studies are necessary for the comprehension breast and revolution treatment. Cancer is heterogeneous disease that results from epigenetic alterations normal cells. Aberrant regulation strongly associated with development cancer. Current therapeutic approaches target rather than genetic mutations due to their reversibility. The formation maintenance changes depend on specific enzymes, including DNA methyltransferases histone deacetylases, which promising targets epigenetic-based therapy. Epidrugs different alterations, methylation, acetylation, can restore cellular memory cancerous diseases. Epigenetic-targeted therapy using epidrugs has anti-tumor effects malignancies, This review focuses importance clinical implications

Language: Английский

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Circulating tumor cells: from new biological insights to clinical practice

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: Sept. 2, 2024

Abstract The primary reason for high mortality rates among cancer patients is metastasis, where tumor cells migrate through the bloodstream from original site to other parts of body. Recent advancements in technology have significantly enhanced our comprehension mechanisms behind bloodborne spread circulating (CTCs). One critical process, DNA methylation, regulates gene expression and chromosome stability, thus maintaining dynamic equilibrium Global hypomethylation locus-specific hypermethylation are examples changes methylation patterns that pivotal carcinogenesis. This comprehensive review first provides an overview various processes contribute formation CTCs, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), immune surveillance, colonization. We then conduct in-depth analysis how modifications within CTCs impact each these stages during CTC dissemination. Furthermore, we explored potential clinical implications with cancer. By understanding epigenetic modifications, can gain insights into metastatic process identify new biomarkers early detection, prognosis, targeted therapies. aims bridge gap between basic research application, highlighting significance context metastasis offering avenues improving patient outcomes.

Language: Английский

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Epigenetic regulation in cancer therapy: From mechanisms to clinical advances

MedComm – Oncology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 3(1)

Published: Jan. 4, 2024

Abstract Epigenetic regulation refers to the alteration of gene expression independent changes in DNA sequence. It involves chemical modifications such as methylation, histone and acetylation, which are regulated by a coordinated interplay various regulators ensure precise spatial temporal expression. aberrations commonly observed cancer considered hallmarks cancer. In recent years, small molecules targeting specific epigenetic have been developed demonstrating promising therapeutic potential preclinical clinical trials for treatment. this review, we summarize essential regulatory mechanisms dysfunctions involved acetylation during tumor development progression. Moreover, discuss current advances challenges therapy that target these both hematologic malignancies solid tumors. Finally, combining drugs with other therapies, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, approach Overall, aim enhance understanding explore strategies based on mechanisms, ultimately advance improve patient prognosis.

Language: Английский

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S‐adenosylmethionine: A metabolite critical to the regulation of autophagy

Cell Proliferation, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 53(11)

Published: Oct. 8, 2020

Autophagy is a mechanism that enables cells to maintain cellular homeostasis by removing damaged materials and mobilizing energy reserves in conditions of starvation. Although nutrient availability strongly impacts the process autophagy, specific metabolites regulate autophagic responses have not yet been determined. Recent results indicate S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) represents critical inhibitor methionine starvation–induced autophagy. SAM primarily involved four key metabolic pathways: transmethylation, transsulphuration, polyamine synthesis 5′-deoxyadenosyl 5′-radical–mediated biochemical transformations. sole methyl group donor methylation DNA, RNA histones, modulating mediating epigenetic effects. Moreover, SAM, such as homocysteine, glutathione, decarboxylated spermidine, also exert important influences on regulation From our perspective, nuclear-cytosolic conserved connects status In future, might be new target autophagy regulators widely used treatment various diseases.

Language: Английский

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