Cell,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
184(17), P. 4564 - 4578.e18
Published: July 23, 2021
The
mesencephalic
locomotor
region
(MLR)
is
a
key
midbrain
center
with
roles
in
locomotion.
Despite
extensive
studies
and
clinical
trials
aimed
at
therapy-resistant
Parkinson's
disease
(PD),
debate
on
its
function
remains.
Here,
we
reveal
the
existence
of
functionally
diverse
neuronal
populations
distinct
control
body
movements.
We
identify
two
spatially
intermingled
glutamatergic
separable
by
axonal
projections,
mouse
genetics,
activity
profiles,
motor
functions.
Most
spinally
projecting
MLR
neurons
encoded
full-body
behavior
rearing.
Loss-
gain-of-function
optogenetic
perturbation
experiments
establish
for
these
controlling
extension.
In
contrast,
Rbp4-transgene-positive
project
an
ascending
direction
to
basal
ganglia,
preferentially
encode
forelimb
behaviors
handling
grooming,
exhibit
role
modulating
movement.
Thus,
contains
subpopulations
stratified
projection
target
exhibiting
action
not
restricted
Physiological Reviews,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
100(1), P. 271 - 320
Published: Sept. 12, 2019
The
vertebrate
control
of
locomotion
involves
all
levels
the
nervous
system
from
cortex
to
spinal
cord.
Here,
we
aim
cover
main
aspects
this
complex
behavior,
operation
microcircuits
in
cord
systems
and
behavioral
extend
mammalian
basic
undulatory
movements
lamprey
fish.
cellular
basis
propulsion
represents
core
system,
it
central
pattern
generator
networks
(CPGs)
controlling
timing
different
muscles,
sensory
compensation
for
perturbations,
brain
stem
command
level
activity
CPGs
speed
locomotion.
forebrain
particular
basal
ganglia
are
involved
determining
which
motor
programs
should
be
recruited
at
a
given
point
time
can
both
initiate
stop
locomotor
activity.
propulsive
needs
integrated
with
postural
maintain
body
orientation.
Moreover,
need
steered
so
that
subject
approaches
goal
episode,
or
avoids
colliding
elements
environment
simply
escapes
high
speed.
These
will
covered
review.
Annual Review of Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
42(1), P. 459 - 483
Published: April 24, 2019
Deciding
what
to
do
and
when
move
is
vital
our
survival.
Clinical
fundamental
studies
have
identified
basal
ganglia
circuits
as
critical
for
this
process.
The
main
input
nucleus
of
the
ganglia,
striatum,
receives
inputs
from
frontal,
sensory,
motor
cortices
interconnected
thalamic
areas
that
provide
information
about
potential
goals,
context,
actions
directly
or
indirectly
modulates
outputs.
striatum
also
dopaminergic
can
signal
reward
prediction
errors
behavioral
transitions
movement
initiation.
Here
we
review
models
how
direct
indirect
pathways
modulate
outputs
facilitate
initiation,
discuss
role
cortical
in
determining
if
it.
Complex
but
exciting
scenarios
emerge
shed
new
light
on
self-paced
The
cerebellar
vermis,
long
associated
with
axial
motor
control,
has
been
implicated
in
a
surprising
range
of
neuropsychiatric
disorders
and
cognitive
affective
functions.
Remarkably
little
is
known,
however,
about
the
specific
cell
types
neural
circuits
responsible
for
these
diverse
Here,
using
single-cell
gene
expression
profiling
anatomical
circuit
analyses
vermis
output
neurons
mouse
fastigial
(medial
cerebellar)
nucleus,
we
identify
five
major
classes
glutamatergic
projection
distinguished
by
expression,
morphology,
distribution,
input-output
connectivity.
Each
type
connected
set
Purkinje
cells
inferior
olive
turn
innervates
distinct
collection
downstream
targets.
Transsynaptic
tracing
indicates
extensive
disynaptic
links
cognitive,
affective,
forebrain
circuits.
These
results
indicate
that
functions
could
be
mediated
modular
synaptic
connections
posturomotor,
oromotor,
positional-autonomic,
orienting,
vigilance
Annual Review of Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
42(1), P. 27 - 46
Published: Jan. 30, 2019
Wakefulness,
rapid
eye
movement
(REM)
sleep,
and
non-rapid
(NREM)
sleep
are
characterized
by
distinct
electroencephalogram
(EEG),
electromyogram
(EMG),
autonomic
profiles.
The
circuit
mechanism
coordinating
these
changes
during
sleep-wake
transitions
remains
poorly
understood.
past
few
years
have
witnessed
progress
in
the
identification
of
REM
NREM
neurons,
which
constitute
highly
distributed
networks
spanning
forebrain,
midbrain,
hindbrain.
Here
we
propose
an
arousal-action
for
control
wakefulness
is
supported
separate
arousal
action
while
neurons
part
central
somatic
motor
circuits.
This
model
well
currently
known
wake
neurons.
It
can
also
account
EEG,
EMG,
profiles
wake,
REM,
states
several
key
features
their
transitions.
intimate
association
between
autonomic/somatic
circuits
suggests
that
a
primary
function
to
suppress
activity.
