Fat Body—Multifunctional Insect Tissue

Insects, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12(6), P. 547 - 547

Published: June 11, 2021

The biodiversity of useful organisms, e.g., insects, decreases due to many environmental factors and increasing anthropopressure. Multifunctional tissues, such as the fat body, are key elements in proper functioning invertebrate organisms resistance factors. body is center metabolism, integrating signals, controlling molting metamorphosis, synthesizing hormones that control whole synthesis immune system proteins. In cells, lipids, carbohydrates proteins substrates products pathways can be used for energy production, accumulate reserves, mobilize at appropriate stage life (diapause, flight), determining survival an individual. main tissue responsible innate acquired humoral immunity. produces bactericidal polypeptides, i.e., lysozyme. also important early stages insect’s production vitellogenin, yolk protein needed development oocytes. Although a lot information available on its structure biochemistry, interesting research topic which much still discovered.

Language: Английский

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Insect Antimicrobial Peptides as Guardians of Immunity and Beyond: A Review

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(7), P. 3835 - 3835

Published: March 29, 2024

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), as immune effectors synthesized by a variety of organisms, not only constitute robust defense mechanism against broad spectrum pathogens in the host but also show promising applications effective antimicrobial agents. Notably, insects are significant reservoirs natural AMPs. However, complex array variations types, quantities, activities, and production pathways AMPs, well evolution AMPs across insect species, presents challenge for immunity system understanding AMP applications. This review covers discoveries, classification, common properties, mechanisms action. Additionally, activities immune-related each model summarized. We conducted first comprehensive investigation into diversity, distribution, 20 types insects, employing phylogenetic analysis to describe their evolutionary relationships shed light on conserved distinctive families. Furthermore, we summarize regulatory through classical signaling additional associated with Nitric Oxide, insulin-like signaling, hormones. advances our guardians systems unlocks gateway resources, facilitating use address food safety concerns.

Language: Английский

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A midgut transcriptional regulatory loop favors an insect host to withstand a bacterial pathogen

The Innovation, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 5(5), P. 100675 - 100675

Published: July 14, 2024

•Increased titer of the insect hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) facilitates an host, Plutella xylostella, to defeat its bacterial pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).•Glucose dehydrogenase (GLD) was identified as a new ecdysone-degrading enzyme that can metabolize 20E.•A midgut miRNA initiated epigenetic regulatory pathway represses GLD activity and elevates 20E resist Bt pathogen.•An as-yet uncharacterized negative feedback loop reduces excess balance hormonal homeostasis.•This study provides insights into immunological landscape classical hormones molecular basis host-pathogen coevolution. Mounting evidence suggests associated with growth development also participate in defense. We have discovered previously undescribed transcriptional control modulates availability worldwide pest (Plutella xylostella), allowing it major virulence factor (Bt). A reduction inhibitor (PxDfd) increases expression microRNA (miR-8545), which turn newly ecdysteroid-degrading glucose (PxGLD). Downregulation PxGLD degradation increase concurrently triggers mitigate overproduction. The moderately elevated activates MAPK signaling tolerance/resistance. These findings deepen our understanding functions attributed these help inform potential future strategies be employed pests.

Language: Английский

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Transcriptional Regulators of Ecdysteroid Biosynthetic Enzymes and Their Roles in Insect Development

Frontiers in Physiology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: Feb. 8, 2022

Steroid hormones are responsible for coordinating many aspects of biological processes in most multicellular organisms, including insects. Ecdysteroid, the principal insect steroid hormone, is biosynthesized from dietary cholesterol or plant sterols. In last 20 years, a number ecdysteroidogenic enzymes, Noppera-bo, Neverland, Shroud, Spook/Spookier, Cyp6t3, Phantom, Disembodied, Shadow, and Shade, have been identified characterized molecular genetic studies using fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster . These enzymes encoded by genes collectively called Halloween genes. The transcriptional regulatory network, governed multiple regulators transcription, chromatin remodeling, endoreplication, has shown to be essential spatiotemporal expression control D. melanogaster. this review, we summarize latest information on that crucial controlling ecdysteroid biosynthetic their roles development.

Language: Английский

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An entomopathogenic fungus exploits its host humoral antibacterial immunity to minimize bacterial competition in the hemolymph

Microbiome, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(1)

Published: May 20, 2023

Abstract Background The insect hemolymph (blood-equivalent fluid), composed of a large number hemocytes (blood cells) and variety soluble immune effectors, is hostile for pathogens including fungi. In order to survive in the hemocoel (body cavity), entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) has evolved two classical coping strategies, namely evasion suppression host reactions. However, it remains unclear whether EPF other ways with immunity. Results this study, we demonstrated that Metarhizium rileyi (an EPF) infection by injection blastospores into enhanced plasma antibacterial activity cotton bollworm ( Helicoverpa armigera ), which was partially due expression antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). early stage M. induced translocation gut bacteria hemocoel, where they were subsequently cleared activity. Further, showed AMP attributable but not invasive (opportunistic bacteria). Elevated ecdysone (major steroid hormone insects) levels at 48 h post- might contribute AMPs. fungus-elicited AMPs, such as cecropin 3 or lebocin, exhibited potent inhibitory against opportunistic hyphal bodies. addition, competed bodies amino acid nutrients. Conclusions bacteria, then fungi activated exploited its humoral immunity eliminate preventing them from competing nutrients hemolymph. Unlike utilizes evade suppress immunity, our findings reveal novel strategy interaction between

Language: Английский

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Metal ions in insect reproduction: a crosstalk between reproductive physiology and immunity

Current Opinion in Insect Science, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 52, P. 100924 - 100924

Published: April 26, 2022

Most insects exhibit high reproductive capacity, which demands large amounts of energy, including macronutrients and micronutrients. Interestingly, many proteins involved in oogenesis depend on metals ions, particular iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu). Mechanisms by metal ions influence reproduction have been described Drosophila melanogaster, but remain poorly understood hematophagous where blood meals include significant ingestion ions. Moreover, there is evidence that some immunity could dual function both processes. This review highlights the importance non-hematophagous insects. In addition, we discuss how optimize physiological processes using crosstalk between physiology immunity, a double-edge sword allocating their functions to protect insect ensure reproduction.

Language: Английский

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Ecdysone signaling mediates the trade-off between immunity and reproduction via suppression of amyloids in the mosquito Aedes aegypti

PLoS Pathogens, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 18(9), P. e1010837 - e1010837

Published: Sept. 22, 2022

The balance between immunity and reproduction is essential for many key physiological functions. We report that to maintain an optimal fertility, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) the ecdysone receptor (EcR) downregulate immune deficiency (IMD) pathway during post blood meal phase (PBM) of Aedes aegypti reproductive cycle. RNA interference-mediated depletion EcR elicited increased expression IMD components, these mosquitoes were more resistant infection by Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, 20E recruit Pirk-like, mosquito ortholog Drosophila melanogaster Pirk. CRISPR-Cas9 knockout Pirk-like has shown it represses interfering with IMD-mediated formation amyloid aggregates. disruption pivotal maintaining normal yolk protein production fertility. Additionally, its directly induce interfere cRHIM-mediated amyloid. Our study highlights vital role in governing trade-off reproduction. might be a potential target new methods control pathogen transmission.

Language: Английский

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Cereal weevils' antimicrobial peptides: at the crosstalk between development, endosymbiosis and immune response

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 379(1901)

Published: March 18, 2024

Interactions between animals and microbes are ubiquitous in nature strongly impact animal physiology. These interactions shaped by the host immune system, which responds to infections contributes tailor associations with beneficial microorganisms. In many insects, symbiotic not only include gut commensals, but also intracellular bacteria, or endosymbionts. Endosymbionts housed within specialized cells, bacteriocytes, transmitted vertically across generations. Host–endosymbiont co-evolution shapes endosymbiont genome fights against microbial intruders, ensures preservation of endosymbionts control their load location. The cereal weevil Sitophilus spp. is a remarkable model study evolutionary adaptation system endosymbiosis owing its binary association unique, relatively recently acquired nutritional endosymbiont, Sodalis pierantonius . This Gram-negative bacterium has experienced size shrinkage observed long-term endosymbioses retained immunogenicity. We focus here on sixteen antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) identified oryzae expression patterns different tissues, along development upon challenges, address potential functions defensive response homeostasis insect life cycle. article part theme issue ‘Sculpting microbiome: how factors determine respond colonization’.

Language: Английский

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Regulation of antimicrobial peptides by juvenile hormone and its receptor, Methoprene-tolerant, in the mosquito Aedes aegypti

Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 128, P. 103509 - 103509

Published: Nov. 29, 2020

Language: Английский

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Vibrio cholerae high cell density quorum sensing activates the host intestinal innate immune response

Cell Reports, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 40(12), P. 111368 - 111368

Published: Sept. 1, 2022

Quorum sensing fundamentally alters the interaction of Vibrio cholerae with aquatic environments, environmental hosts, and human intestine. At high cell density, quorum-sensing regulator HapR represses not only expression cholera toxin co-regulated pilus, virulence factors essential in infection, but also synthesis polysaccharide (VPS) exopolysaccharide-based matrix required for abiotic biotic surface attachment. Here, we describe a feature V. quorum that shifts host-pathogen toward commensalism. By repressing pathogen consumptive anabolic metabolism and, particular, tryptophan uptake, stimulates host intestinal serotonin production. This, turn, activates innate immune signaling to promote survival.

Language: Английский

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