Ovarian hormones and obesity

Human Reproduction Update, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 23(3), P. 300 - 321

Published: Nov. 23, 2016

Obesity is caused by an imbalance between energy intake, i.e. eating and expenditure (EE). Severe obesity more prevalent in women than men worldwide, pathophysiology the resultant obesity-related disease risks differ men. The underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Pre-clinical clinical research indicate that ovarian hormones may play a major role.We systematically reviewed pre-clinical literature on effects of physiology adipose tissue (AT) regulation AT mass intake EE.Articles English indexed PubMed through January 2016 were searched using keywords related to: (i) reproductive hormones, (ii) weight (iii) central nervous system. We sought to identify emerging foci with translational potential rather provide comprehensive review.We find estrogens leading role causes consequences female obesity. With respect adiposity, synergize genes increase gluteofemoral subcutaneous decrease reproductive-age women, which leads protective cardiometabolic effects. Loss after menopause, independent aging, increases total decreases lean body mass, so there little net effect weight. Menopause also partially reverses women's distribution. These can be counteracted estrogen treatment. eating, increasing levels progressively during follicular peri-ovulatory phases menstrual cycle. Progestin associated luteal phase, but does not appear causal relationship. Progestins binge stimulated negative emotional states phase. indicates one mechanism for pre-ovulatory action satiating potency gastrointestinal hormone cholecystokinin. Another involves preference sweet foods Genetic defects brain α-melanocycte-stimulating hormone-melanocortin receptor (melanocortin 4 receptor, MC4R) signaling lead syndrome overeating particularly pronounced animals. appears around puberty mice genetic deletions MC4R, suggesting hormones. Emerging functional brain-imaging data fluctuations affect influencing striatal dopaminergic processing flavor hedonics lateral prefrontal cortex cognitive inhibitory controls eating. There dearth neuroendocrine control menopause. comparatively EE, although changes cycle do resting EE.The markedly greater burden makes understanding diverse EE adiposity urgent challenges. A variety modalities used investigate these most accessible animal models. Therefore, human roles its should intensified gain further mechanistic insights ultimately translated into novel anti-obesity therapies thereby improve health.

Language: Английский

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Sex/Gender Differences in Obesity Prevalence, Comorbidities, and Treatment

Current Obesity Reports, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 10(4), P. 458 - 466

Published: Oct. 2, 2021

Language: Английский

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Sex differences in the burden of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk across the life course

Diabetologia, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 62(10), P. 1761 - 1772

Published: Aug. 26, 2019

Language: Английский

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A Review of Current Trends with Type 2 Diabetes Epidemiology, Aetiology, Pathogenesis, Treatments and Future Perspectives

Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: Volume 14, P. 3567 - 3602

Published: Aug. 1, 2021

Type 2 diabetes (T2D), which has currently become a global pandemic, is metabolic disease largely characterised by impaired insulin secretion and action. Significant progress been made in understanding T2D aetiology pathogenesis, discussed this review. Extrapancreatic pathology also summarised, demonstrates the highly multifactorial nature of T2D. Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 an incretin hormone responsible for augmenting from pancreatic beta-cells during postprandial period. Given that native GLP-1 very short half-life, mimetics with much longer half-life have developed, are effective treatment option enhancing patients. Interestingly, there continual emerging evidence these therapies alleviate some post-diagnosis complications Additionally, shown to induce weight loss patients, suggesting they could be alternative bariatric surgery, procedure associated numerous complications. Current GLP-1-based all act as orthosteric agonists receptor (GLP-1R). it emerged GLP-1R allosteric binding sites developed test their therapeutic potential. Recent studies demonstrated potential bi- tri-agonists, target multiple hormonal receptors including GLP-1R, more effectively treat Improved aetiology/pathogenesis, coupled further elucidation both activity/targets mechanisms activation via different agonists, will likely provide better insight into

Language: Английский

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Obesity as a multisystem disease: Trends in obesity rates and obesity‐related complications

Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 23(S1), P. 3 - 16

Published: Feb. 1, 2021

Abstract Obesity is a chronic multisystem disease associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The increasing prevalence of obesity makes it major healthcare challenge across both developed developing countries. Traditional measures such as body mass index do not always identify individuals at risk comorbidities, yet continue to be used in deciding who qualifies for weight loss treatment. A better understanding how particular non‐metabolic conditions, needed order prioritize For metabolic disorders type 2 diabetes (T2D), can prevent T2D prediabetes. It improve reverse if achieved early the course disease. However, access effective treatments significant barrier improved health people obesity. In present paper, we review rising why should classed We will discuss potential mechanisms underlying its association various comorbidities these respond treatment, focus on cardiometabolic disease, malignancy mental health.

Language: Английский

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Gender and Sex Differences in Adipose Tissue

Current Diabetes Reports, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 18(9)

Published: July 30, 2018

Language: Английский

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Sex differences in type 2 diabetes

Diabetologia, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 66(6), P. 986 - 1002

Published: March 10, 2023

Abstract The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing in both sexes, but men are usually diagnosed at a younger age and lower body fat mass than women. Worldwide, an estimated 17.7 million more women have mellitus. Women appear to bear greater risk factor burden the time their diagnosis, especially obesity. Moreover, psychosocial stress might play prominent role Across lifespan, experience hormone fluctuations changes due reproductive factors men. Pregnancies can unmask pre-existing metabolic abnormalities, resulting diagnosis gestational diabetes, which appears be most for progression Additionally, menopause increases women’s cardiometabolic profile. Due progressive rise obesity, there global increase with pregestational often inadequate preconceptual care. There differences between regarding other cardiovascular respect comorbidities, manifestation complications initiation adherence therapy. show relative CVD mortality young currently less likely receive treatment reduction recommended by guidelines. Current medical recommendations do not provide information on sex-specific or gender-sensitive prevention strategies management. Thus, research sex differences, including underlying mechanisms, necessary evidence future. Nonetheless, intensified efforts screen glucose metabolism disorders factors, as well early establishment prophylactic measures aggressive management strategies, still required increased diabetes. In this narrative review we aim summarise clinical features into screening, treatment. Graphical abstract

Language: Английский

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Effects of Interrupting Prolonged Sitting with Physical Activity Breaks on Blood Glucose, Insulin and Triacylglycerol Measures: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Sports Medicine, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 50(2), P. 295 - 330

Published: Sept. 24, 2019

Abstract Background Physical activity (PA) breaks in sitting time might attenuate metabolic markers relevant to the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Objectives The primary aim this paper was systematically review and meta-analyse trials that compared effects breaking up prolonged with bouts PA throughout day (INT) versus continuous (SIT) on glucose, insulin triacylglycerol (TAG) measures. A second compare INT exercise (EX) TAG Methods followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews Meta-analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. Eligibility criteria consisted comparing vs. SIT or one bout EX before after sitting, participants aged 18 above, who were classified as either metabolically healthy impaired, but not other major health conditions such chronic obstructive pulmonary disease peripheral arterial disease. Results total 42 studies included overall review, whereas a 37 meta-analysis. There standardised mean difference (SMD) − 0.54 (95% CI 0.70, 0.37, p = 0.00001) favour glucose. With respect insulin, there an SMD 0.56 0.74, 0.38, INT. For TAG, 0.26 0.44, 0.09, 0.002) Body mass index (BMI) associated glucose responses ( β 0.05, 95% 0.01, 0.01), 0.10, 0.006, 0.03), 0.02, 0.06, 0.37). When energy expenditure matched, 0.50, 0.03) no statistically significant SMDs i.e. 0.35 1.07, 0.35), 0.08 0.22, 0.62). It is worth noting possible publication bias outcomes when sitting. Conclusion use during moderately attenuated post-prandial greater glycaemic attenuation people higher BMI. small advantage over attenuating measures protocols differences TAG. PROSPERO Registration: CRD42017080982. Registration

Language: Английский

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Diabetes Mellitus and Its Metabolic Complications: The Role of Adipose Tissues

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 22(14), P. 7644 - 7644

Published: July 16, 2021

Many approaches have been used in the effective management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A recent paradigm shift has focused on role adipose tissues development and treatment disease. Brown (BAT) white (WAT) are two main types with beige subsets more recently identified. They play key roles communication insulin sensitivity. However, WAT shown to contribute significantly endocrine function. produces hormones cytokines, collectively called adipocytokines, such as leptin adiponectin. These adipocytokines proven vary conditions, metabolic dysfunction, diabetes, or inflammation. The regulation fat storage, energy metabolism, satiety, release all features tissues. As such, they indicators that may provide insights dysfunction can be considered routes for therapeutic considerations. essential vis-a-vis appetite, storage energy, glucose tolerance, release, solidifies tissue pathogenesis mellitus complications associated

Language: Английский

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Complications of Diabetes 2016

Journal of Diabetes Research, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 2016, P. 1 - 3

Published: Jan. 1, 2016

The prevalence of diabetes (DM) is constantly increasing worldwide at an alarming rate. According to the International Diabetes Federation in 2015, estimated 415 million people globally were suffering from this condition [1]. Complications DM account for increased morbidity, disability, and mortality represent a threat economies all countries, especially developing ones [2]. present special issue has been devoted recent progress our understanding diabetic complications, including underlying molecular mechanisms, new diagnostic tools that facilitate early diagnosis, novel treatment options. It consists 20 articles covering 5 thematic areas: (a) epidemiology pathogenesis (b) microvascular (c) macrovascular (d) miscellaneous (e)

Language: Английский

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