The blood–brain barrier: Structure, regulation and drug delivery

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 8(1)

Published: May 25, 2023

Abstract Blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a natural protective membrane that prevents central nervous system (CNS) from toxins and pathogens in blood. However, the presence of BBB complicates pharmacotherapy for CNS disorders as most chemical drugs biopharmaceuticals have been impeded to enter brain. Insufficient drug delivery into brain leads low therapeutic efficacy well aggravated side effects due accumulation other organs tissues. Recent breakthrough materials science nanotechnology provides library advanced with customized structure property serving powerful toolkit targeted delivery. In-depth research field anatomical pathological study on further facilitates development brain-targeted strategies enhanced crossing. In this review, physiological different cells contributing are summarized. Various emerging permeability regulation crossing including passive transcytosis, intranasal administration, ligands conjugation, coating, stimuli-triggered disruption, overcome obstacle highlighted. Versatile systems ranging organic, inorganic, biologics-derived their synthesis procedures unique physio-chemical properties summarized analyzed. This review aims provide an up-to-date comprehensive guideline researchers diverse fields, offering perspectives system.

Language: Английский

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Immune checkpoint therapy for solid tumours: clinical dilemmas and future trends

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 8(1)

Published: Aug. 28, 2023

Abstract Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICBs), in addition to targeting CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1, novel LAG-3 drugs have also been approved clinical application. With the widespread use of drug, we must deeply analyze dilemma agents seek a breakthrough treatment prospect. Over past decades, these demonstrated dramatic efficacy, especially patients with melanoma non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Nonetheless, field broad concept solid tumours, non-specific indications, inseparable immune response side effects, unconfirmed progressive disease, complex regulatory networks resistance are four barriers that limit its Fortunately, successful trials ICB combination therapies, advent era oncolytic virus gene editing, technical mRNA vaccines nano-delivery systems made remarkable breakthroughs currently. In this review, enumerate mechanisms each checkpoint targets, associations between tumour mutation burden, key or signalling pathways, specific evidence efficacy classical targets new among different types put forward dialectical thoughts on drug safety. Finally, discuss importance accurate triage based recent advances predictive biomarkers diagnostic testing techniques.

Language: Английский

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Nanomaterials in tumor immunotherapy: new strategies and challenges

Molecular Cancer, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 22(1)

Published: June 13, 2023

Abstract Tumor immunotherapy exerts its anti-tumor effects by stimulating and enhancing immune responses of the body. It has become another important modality therapy with significant clinical efficacy advantages compared to chemotherapy, radiotherapy targeted therapy. Although various kinds tumor immunotherapeutic drugs have emerged, challenges faced in delivery these drugs, such as poor permeability low cell uptake rate, had prevented their widespread application. Recently, nanomaterials emerged a means for treatment different diseases due targeting properties, biocompatibility functionalities. Moreover, possess characteristics that overcome defects traditional immunotherapy, large drug loading capacity, precise easy modification, thus leading wide application immunotherapy. There are two main classes novel nanoparticles mentioned this review: organic (polymeric nanomaterials, liposomes lipid nanoparticles) inorganic (non-metallic metallic nanomaterials). Besides, fabrication method nanoparticles, Nanoemulsions, was also introduced. In summary, review article mainly discussed research progress based on past few years offers theoretical basis exploring strategies future.

Language: Английский

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Cell membrane biomimetic nanomedicines for cancer phototherapy

Deleted Journal, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 1(2)

Published: Feb. 21, 2023

Abstract Phototherapy, mainly including photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic (PDT), can kill cancer cells by generating heat or reactive oxygen species, which has the advantages of being minimally invasive, high efficiency, low toxicity. However, traditional phototherapeutic agents face challenges such as poor tumor targeting, susceptibility to passive immune clearance, suboptimal biocompatibility, limit their clinical application. Recently, cell membrane biomimetic technology endows with unique biological functions, promoted escape, prolonged in vivo circulation time, improved enhanced anti‐tumor efficacy. In addition, phototherapy mediated (CCM) membrane‐modified promote broad immunity. this review, we deeply analyze mechanisms PTT PDT, systematically discuss synthesis strategies functions nanomaterials, focus on progress based nanomaterials synergistic therapies chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, sonodynamic therapy. Finally, address opportunities future prospects field phototherapy. This comprehensive review is expected provide insights into promoting translation agents.

Language: Английский

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Recent advances in biomimetic nanodelivery systems: New brain-targeting strategies

Journal of Controlled Release, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 358, P. 439 - 464

Published: May 13, 2023

Language: Английский

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TME-Related Biomimetic Strategies Against Cancer

International Journal of Nanomedicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: Volume 19, P. 109 - 135

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Abstract: The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an important role in various stages of generation, metastasis, and evasion immune monitoring treatment. TME targeted therapy is based on components, related pathways or active molecules as therapeutic targets. Therefore, environmental differences between normal cells has been widely studied. Biomimetic nanocarriers with low clearance, immunogenicity, high targeting have enormous potential This review introduces the composition characteristics TME, including cancer‑associated fibroblasts (CAFs), extracellular matrix (ECM), blood vessels, non-tumor cells, latest research progress biomimetic nanoparticles (NPs) TME. It also discusses opportunities challenges clinical transformation nanoparticles. Keywords: nanoparticles, delivery system, therapy, cell membrane-coating

Language: Английский

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Innovative utilization of cell membrane‐coated nanoparticles in precision cancer therapy

Exploration, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 4(6)

Published: March 21, 2024

Abstract Cell membrane‐coated nanoparticles (CMNPs) have recently emerged as a promising platform for cancer therapy. By encapsulating therapeutic agents within cell membrane‐derived coating, these combine the advantages of synthetic and natural membranes. This review provides comprehensive overview recent advancements in utilizing CMNPs effective drug delivery vehicles The synthesis fabrication methods are comprehensively discussed. Various techniques, such extrusion, sonication, self‐assembly, employed to coat with membranes derived from different types. membrane coating enables biocompatibility, reducing risk an immune response enhancing stability bloodstream. Moreover, functionalization strategies CMNPs, primarily chemical modification, genetic engineering, external stimuli, highlighted. presence specific surface markers on coated allows targeted cells maximizes efficacy. Preclinical studies therapy demonstrated successful various agents, chemotherapeutic drugs, nucleic acids, immunotherapeutic using CMNPs. Furthermore, article explores future directions challenges this technology while offering insights into its clinical potential.

Language: Английский

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Multiple Synergistic Effects of the Microglia Membrane-Bionic Nanoplatform on Mediate Tumor Microenvironment Remodeling to Amplify Glioblastoma Immunotherapy

ACS Nano, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 18(22), P. 14469 - 14486

Published: May 21, 2024

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a lethal brain tumor with high levels of malignancy. Most chemotherapy agents show serious systemic cytotoxicity and restricted delivery effectiveness due to the impediments blood–brain barrier (BBB). Immunotherapy has developed great potential for aggressive treatments. Disappointingly, its efficacy against GBM hindered by immunosuppressive microenvironment (TME) BBB. Herein, multiple synergistic immunotherapeutic strategy was based on nanomaterial–biology interaction. We have demonstrated that this BM@MnP-BSA-aPD-1 can transverse BBB target TME, resulting in amplified synergetic effects metalloimmunotherapy photothermal immunotherapy (PTT). The journey nanoformulation within TME contributed activation stimulator interferon gene pathway, initiation immunogenic cell death effect, inhibition programmed death-1/programmed ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) signaling axis. This nanomedicine revitalizes evokes cascade effect antitumor immunity. Therefore, combination PTT without chemotherapeutics presents favorable benefits anti-GBM exhibits immense clinical translational applications.

Language: Английский

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Multifunctional Nanotheranostics for Overcoming the Blood–Brain Barrier

Advanced Functional Materials, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 34(19)

Published: Jan. 4, 2024

Abstract The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a tailored system of capillary endothelial cells intermixed with tight junctions and adherent that regulates the transport various materials substances between blood vasculature central nervous (CNS). However, in cases brain diseases, BBB's protective regulatory effects hamper therapeutics from reaching affected sites sufficient quantities. This has so far been leading challenge treating CNS diseases disorders. For this problem to be overcome, recent research sought develop novel modalities achieve efficient therapy alleviate associated symptoms. Therefore, numerous strategies have operated years address limitations traditional invasive methods, including poor penetration serious side effects. As desperately in‐demand technology, nanotheranostics particularly shown promising results. Herein, review reports advancements techniques nanotechnology‐based developed for neurodegenerative study provides comprehensive data on subject used future studies management disorders diseases.

Language: Английский

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Cancer Nanovaccines: Nanomaterials and Clinical Perspectives

Small, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 20(35)

Published: May 1, 2024

Abstract Cancer nanovaccines represent a promising frontier in cancer immunotherapy, utilizing nanotechnology to augment traditional vaccine efficacy. This review comprehensively examines the current state‐of‐the‐art nanovaccine development, elucidating innovative strategies and technologies employed their design. It explores both preclinical clinical advancements, emphasizing key studies demonstrating potential elicit robust anti‐tumor immune responses. The study encompasses various facets, including integrating biomaterial‐based nanocarriers for antigen delivery, adjuvant selection, impact of nanoscale properties on performance. Detailed insights into complex interplay between tumor microenvironment responses are provided, highlighting challenges opportunities optimizing therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, presents thorough analysis ongoing trials, presenting snapshot landscape. By curating latest scientific findings developments, this aims serve as comprehensive resource researchers clinicians engaged advancing immunotherapy. Integrating design holds immense promise revolutionizing treatment paradigms, provides timely update evolving landscape nanovaccines.

Language: Английский

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