Current Principles of Motor Control, with Special Reference to Vertebrate Locomotion

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 100(1), P. 271 - 320

Published: Sept. 12, 2019

The vertebrate control of locomotion involves all levels the nervous system from cortex to spinal cord. Here, we aim cover main aspects this complex behavior, operation microcircuits in cord systems and behavioral extend mammalian basic undulatory movements lamprey fish. cellular basis propulsion represents core system, it central pattern generator networks (CPGs) controlling timing different muscles, sensory compensation for perturbations, brain stem command level activity CPGs speed locomotion. forebrain particular basal ganglia are involved determining which motor programs should be recruited at a given point time can both initiate stop locomotor activity. propulsive needs integrated with postural maintain body orientation. Moreover, need steered so that subject approaches goal episode, or avoids colliding elements environment simply escapes high speed. These will covered review.

Language: Английский

---

Spinal cord repair: advances in biology and technology

Nature Medicine, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 25(6), P. 898 - 908

Published: June 1, 2019

Language: Английский

---

Walking naturally after spinal cord injury using a brain–spine interface

Nature, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 618(7963), P. 126 - 133

Published: May 24, 2023

A spinal cord injury interrupts the communication between brain and region of that produces walking, leading to paralysis1,2. Here, we restored this with a digital bridge enabled an individual chronic tetraplegia stand walk naturally in community settings. This brain-spine interface (BSI) consists fully implanted recording stimulation systems establish direct link cortical signals3 analogue modulation epidural electrical targeting regions involved production walking4-6. highly reliable BSI is calibrated within few minutes. reliability has remained stable over one year, including during independent use at home. The participant reports enables natural control movements his legs stand, walk, climb stairs even traverse complex terrains. Moreover, neurorehabilitation supported by improved neurological recovery. regained ability crutches overground when was switched off. establishes framework restore movement after paralysis.

Language: Английский

---

What, If, and When to Move: Basal Ganglia Circuits and Self-Paced Action Initiation

Annual Review of Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 42(1), P. 459 - 483

Published: April 24, 2019

Deciding what to do and when move is vital our survival. Clinical fundamental studies have identified basal ganglia circuits as critical for this process. The main input nucleus of the ganglia, striatum, receives inputs from frontal, sensory, motor cortices interconnected thalamic areas that provide information about potential goals, context, actions directly or indirectly modulates outputs. striatum also dopaminergic can signal reward prediction errors behavioral transitions movement initiation. Here we review models how direct indirect pathways modulate outputs facilitate initiation, discuss role cortical in determining if it. Complex but exciting scenarios emerge shed new light on self-paced

Language: Английский

---

Biomarkers for closed-loop deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease and beyond

Nature Reviews Neurology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 15(6), P. 343 - 352

Published: April 1, 2019

Language: Английский

---

The neurons that restore walking after paralysis

Nature, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 611(7936), P. 540 - 547

Published: Nov. 9, 2022

Abstract A spinal cord injury interrupts pathways from the brain and brainstem that project to lumbar cord, leading paralysis. Here we show spatiotemporal epidural electrical stimulation (EES) of 1–3 applied during neurorehabilitation 4,5 (EES REHAB ) restored walking in nine individuals with chronic injury. This recovery involved a reduction neuronal activity humans walking. We hypothesized this unexpected reflects activity-dependent selection specific subpopulations become essential for patient walk after To identify these putative neurons, modelled technological therapeutic features underlying EES mice. single-nucleus RNA sequencing 6–9 spatial transcriptomics 10,11 cords mice chart spatially resolved molecular atlas then employed cell type 12,13 prioritization neurons single population excitatory interneurons nested within intermediate laminae emerged. Although are not required before injury, demonstrate they following Augmenting phenocopied enabled by , whereas ablating them prevented occurs spontaneously moderate thus identified recovery-organizing subpopulation is necessary sufficient regain Moreover, our methodology establishes framework using cartography produce complex behaviours.

Language: Английский

---

Specific populations of basal ganglia output neurons target distinct brain stem areas while collateralizing throughout the diencephalon

Neuron, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 109(10), P. 1721 - 1738.e4

Published: April 5, 2021

Basal ganglia play a central role in regulating behavior, but the organization of their outputs to other brain areas is incompletely understood. We investigate largest output nucleus, substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), and delineate physiology its projection populations mice. Using genetically targeted viral tracing whole-brain anatomical analysis, we identify over 40 SNr targets that encompass roughly 50-fold range axonal densities. Retrograde from volumetrically indicates contains segregated subpopulations differentially project functionally distinct stem regions. These are electrophysiologically specialized topographically organized collateralize common diencephalon targets, including motor intralaminar thalamus as well pedunculopontine nucleus midbrain reticular formation. findings establish signaling dense, parallel specific concurrent with extensive collateral branches majority boutons.

Language: Английский

---

The physiological control of eating: signals, neurons, and networks

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 102(2), P. 689 - 813

Published: Sept. 6, 2021

During the past 30 yr, investigating physiology of eating behaviors has generated a truly vast literature. This is fueled in part by dramatic increase obesity and its comorbidities that coincided with an ever increasing sophistication genetically based manipulations. These techniques have produced results remarkable degree cell specificity, particularly at signaling level, played lead role advancing field. However, putting these findings into brain-wide context connects physiological signals neurons to behavior somatic requires thorough consideration neuronal connections: field also seen extraordinary technological revolution. Our goal present comprehensive balanced assessment how associated energy homeostasis interact many brain levels control behaviors. A major theme engage sets interacting neural networks throughout are defined specific connections. We begin discussing some fundamental concepts, including ones still engender vigorous debate, provide necessary frameworks for understanding controls meal initiation termination. include key word definitions, ATP availability as pivotal regulated variable homeostasis, neuropeptide signaling, homeostatic hedonic eating, structure. Within this context, we discuss network models regions endbrain (or telencephalon), hypothalamus, hindbrain, medulla, vagus nerve, spinal cord work together gastrointestinal tract enable complex motor events permit animals eat diverse situations.

Language: Английский

---

Distinct roles for motor cortical and thalamic inputs to striatum during motor skill learning and execution

Science Advances, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 8(8)

Published: Feb. 25, 2022

The acquisition and execution of motor skills are mediated by a distributed network, spanning cortical subcortical brain areas. sensorimotor striatum is an important cog in this yet the roles its two main inputs, from cortex thalamus, remain largely unknown. To address this, we silenced inputs rats trained on task that results highly stereotyped idiosyncratic movement patterns. While striatal-projecting neurons were critical for learning these skills, silencing pathway after had no effect performance. In contrast, thalamus disrupted learned causing to revert species-typical pressing behaviors preventing them relearning task. These show distinct suggest their interaction underlies experience-dependent changes circuits.

Language: Английский

---

Movement is governed by rotational neural dynamics in spinal motor networks

Nature, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 610(7932), P. 526 - 531

Published: Oct. 12, 2022

Language: Английский

---