The multifaceted nature of IL-10: regulation, role in immunological homeostasis and its relevance to cancer, COVID-19 and post-COVID conditions

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: June 8, 2023

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a pleiotropic cytokine that has fundamental role in modulating inflammation and maintaining cell homeostasis. It primarily acts as an anti-inflammatory cytokine, protecting the body from uncontrolled immune response, mostly through Jak1/Tyk2 STAT3 signaling pathway. On other hand, IL-10 can also have immunostimulating functions under certain conditions. Given pivotal of modulation, this could relevant implications pathologies characterized by hyperinflammatory state, such cancer, or infectious diseases case COVID-19 Post-COVID-19 syndrome. Recent evidence proposed predictor severity mortality for patients with acute post-acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. In context, act endogenous danger signal, released tissues undergoing damage attempt to protect organism harmful hyperinflammation. Pharmacological strategies aimed potentiate restore immunomodulatory action may represent novel promising avenues counteract storm arising hyperinflammation effectively mitigate severe complications. Natural bioactive compounds, derived terrestrial marine photosynthetic organisms able increase expression, useful prevention strategy curb elevation will be discussed here. However, multifaceted nature taken into account attempts modulate its levels.

Language: Английский

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Risk of autoimmune diseases following COVID-19 and the potential protective effect from vaccination: a population-based cohort study

EClinicalMedicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 63, P. 102154 - 102154

Published: Aug. 16, 2023

Case reports suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection could lead to immune dysregulation and trigger autoimmunity while COVID-19 vaccination is effective against severe outcomes. We aim examine the association between development of autoimmune diseases (ADs), potential protective effect on such an association.A retrospective cohort study was conducted in Hong Kong 1 April 2020 15 November 2022. confirmed by positive polymerase chain reaction or rapid antigen test. Cox proportional hazard regression with inverse probability treatment weighting applied estimate risk incident ADs following COVID-19. vaccinated population compared unvaccinated new ADs.The included 1,028,721 3,168,467 non-COVID individuals. Compared controls, patients presented increased developing pernicious anaemia [adjusted Hazard Ratio (aHR): 1.72; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.12-2.64]; spondyloarthritis [aHR: 1.32 (95% CI: 1.03-1.69)]; rheumatoid arthritis 1.29 1.09-1.54)]; other 1.43 1.33-1.54)]; psoriasis 1.42 1.13-1.78)]; pemphigoid 2.39 1.83-3.11)]; Graves' disease 1.30 1.10-1.54)]; anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome 2.12 1.47-3.05)]; mediated thrombocytopenia 2.1 1.82-2.43)]; multiple sclerosis 2.66 1.17-6.05)]; vasculitis 1.46 1.04-2.04)]. Among patients, completion two doses vaccine shows a decreased pemphigoid, disease, syndrome, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, systemic lupus erythematosus arthritis.Our findings suggested associated various be attenuated vaccination. Future studies investigating pathology mechanisms would valuable interpreting our findings.Supported RGC Collaborative Research Fund (C7154-20GF).

Language: Английский

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COVID-19 Complications: Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Mitochondrial and Endothelial Dysfunction

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(19), P. 14876 - 14876

Published: Oct. 4, 2023

SARS-CoV-2 infection, discovered and isolated in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, causes acute atypical respiratory symptoms has led to profound changes our lives. COVID-19 is characterized by a wide range of complications, which include pulmonary embolism, thromboembolism arterial clot formation, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, multiorgan failure, more. The disease caused worldwide pandemic, despite various measures such as social distancing, preventive strategies, therapeutic approaches, the creation vaccines, novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) still hides many mysteries for scientific community. Oxidative stress been suggested play an essential role pathogenesis COVID-19, determining free radical levels patients with may provide insight into severity. generation abnormal oxidants under COVID-19-induced cytokine storm irreversible oxidation macromolecules subsequent damage cells, tissues, organs. Clinical studies have shown that oxidative initiates endothelial damage, increases risk complications post-COVID-19 or long-COVID-19 cases. This review describes radicals mediation mitochondrial dysfunction.

Language: Английский

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PCSK9 Inhibition During the Inflammatory Stage of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Journal of the American College of Cardiology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 81(3), P. 224 - 234

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

Language: Английский

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An overview on the treatments and prevention against COVID-19

Virology Journal, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 20(1)

Published: Feb. 8, 2023

Abstract Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to plague world. While COVID-19 is asymptomatic in most individuals, it can cause symptoms like pneumonia, ARDS (acute distress syndrome), and death others. Although humans are currently being vaccinated with several candidate vaccines many countries, however, world still relying on hygiene measures, social distancing, approved drugs. Result There potential therapeutic agents pharmacologically fight COVID-19: antiviral molecules, recombinant soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2), monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, corticosteroids, interferon therapies, herbal agents. By an understanding of SARS-CoV-2 structure its infection mechanisms, vaccine candidates under development some various phases clinical trials. Conclusion This review describes agents, including biologic anti-inflammatory treatment patients. In addition reviewing that entered 4, 3, 2/3 trials, this also discusses platforms used develop COVID-19.

Language: Английский

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Immunological dimensions of neuroinflammation and microglial activation: exploring innovative immunomodulatory approaches to mitigate neuroinflammatory progression

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: Jan. 8, 2024

The increasing life expectancy has led to a higher incidence of age-related neurodegenerative conditions. Within this framework, neuroinflammation emerges as significant contributing factor. It involves the activation microglia and astrocytes, leading release pro-inflammatory cytokines chemokines infiltration peripheral leukocytes into central nervous system (CNS). These instances result in neuronal damage neurodegeneration through activated nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing (NLR) family pyrin protein 3 (NLRP3) nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) pathways decreased erythroid 2-related 2 (Nrf2) activity. Due limited effectiveness regarding inhibition neuroinflammatory targets using conventional drugs, there is challenging growth search for innovative therapies alleviating CNS diseases or even before their onset. Our results indicate that interventions focusing on Interleukin-Driven Immunomodulation, Chemokine (CXC) Receptor Signaling Expression, Cold Exposure, Fibrin-Targeted strategies significantly promise mitigate processes. approaches demonstrate potential anti-neuroinflammatory effects, addressing conditions such Multiple Sclerosis, Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Parkinson’s Disease, Alzheimer’s Disease. While findings are promising, immunomodulatory often face limitations due Immune-Related Adverse Events. Therefore, conduction randomized clinical trials matter mandatory, will pave way promising future development new medicines with specific therapeutic targets.

Language: Английский

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Prospective Roles of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) in COVID-19: Prognosis, Therapeutic and Management

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(7), P. 6142 - 6142

Published: March 24, 2023

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) became a worldwide concern at the beginning of 2020 and has affected millions. Several previous studies revealed impact imbalanced innate immune response on progression COVID-19 its outcomes. High levels proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) interleukins are produced readily by cells to fight Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. Nonetheless, cytokine-mediated inflammatory events also linked detrimental lung injury respiratory failure, which can result in deaths among patients. TNF-α is amongst early mediate responses enhance cell infiltration SARS-CoV-2 In COVID-19, TNF-α-mediated inflammation cause tissue damage gradually promotes fibrosis, later results pneumonia, pulmonary edema, acute distress syndrome. This review, therefore, aims deliberate immunomodulatory roles promoting relation with morbidity mortality. addition, this review proposes potential biomarker for prognosis severe related complications molecular target anti-TNF-α therapy.

Language: Английский

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Mechanisms of endothelial activation, hypercoagulation and thrombosis in COVID-19: a link with diabetes mellitus

Cardiovascular Diabetology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 23(1)

Published: Feb. 20, 2024

Abstract Early since the onset of COVID-19 pandemic, medical and scientific community were aware extra respiratory actions SARS-CoV-2 infection. Endothelitis, hypercoagulation, hypofibrinolysis identified in patients as subsequent responses endothelial dysfunction. Activation barrier may increase severity disease contribute to long-COVID syndrome post-COVID sequelae. Besides, it cause alterations primary, secondary, tertiary hemostasis. Importantly, these have been highly decisive evolution infected also diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM), who showed previous In this review, we provide an overview potential triggers activation related under diabetic milieu. Several mechanisms are induced by both viral particle itself immune-defensive response (i.e., NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, vasoactive peptides, cytokine storm, NETosis, complement system). Alterations coagulation mediators such factor VIII, fibrin, tissue factor, von Willebrand factor: ADAMST-13 ratio, kallikrein-kinin or plasminogen-plasmin systems reported. Moreover, imbalance thrombotic thrombolytic (tPA, PAI-I, fibrinogen) factors favors hypercoagulation hypofibrinolysis. context DM, can be exacerbated leading higher loss However, a series therapeutic strategies targeting activated endothelium specific antibodies inhibitors against thrombin, key cytokines, X, system, system might represent new opportunities address hypercoagulable state present DM. Antidiabetics ameliorate dysfunction, inflammation, platelet aggregation. By improving microvascular pathology subjects, associated comorbidities risk mortality could reduced.

Language: Английский

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Laboratory Findings and Biomarkers in Long COVID: What Do We Know So Far? Insights into Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Therapeutic Perspectives and Challenges

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(13), P. 10458 - 10458

Published: June 21, 2023

Long COVID (LC) encompasses a constellation of long-term symptoms experienced by at least 10% people after the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection, and so far it has affected about 65 million people. The etiology LC remains unclear; however, many pathophysiological pathways may be involved, including viral persistence; chronic, low-grade inflammatory response; immune dysregulation defective reactivation latent viruses; autoimmunity; persistent endothelial dysfunction coagulopathy; gut dysbiosis; hormonal metabolic dysregulation; mitochondrial dysfunction; autonomic nervous system dysfunction. There are no specific tests for diagnosis LC, clinical features laboratory findings biomarkers not specifically relate to LC. Therefore, is paramount importance develop validate that can employed prediction, prognosis its therapeutic response, although this effort hampered challenges pertaining non-specific nature majority manifestations in spectrum, small sample sizes relevant studies other methodological issues. Promising candidate found some patients markers systemic inflammation, acute phase proteins, cytokines chemokines; reflecting persistence, herpesviruses endotheliopathy, coagulation fibrinolysis; microbiota alterations; diverse proteins metabolites; biomarkers; cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. At present, there only two reviews summarizing they do cover entire umbrella current biomarkers, their link etiopathogenetic mechanisms or diagnostic work-up comprehensive manner. Herein, we aim appraise synopsize available evidence on typical classification based pathogenetic main symptomatology frame epidemiological aspects syndrome furthermore assess limitations as well potential implications interventions.

Language: Английский

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Endotheliopathy in Acute COVID-19 and Long COVID

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(9), P. 8237 - 8237

Published: May 4, 2023

The pulmonary endothelium is a highly regulated organ that performs wide range of functions under physiological and pathological conditions. Since endothelial dysfunction has been demonstrated to play direct role in sepsis acute respiratory distress syndrome, its COVID-19 also extensively investigated. Indeed, apart from the COVID-19-associated coagulopathy biomarkers, new biomarkers were recognised early during pandemic, including markers cell activation or injury. We systematically searched literature up 10 March 2023 for studies examining association between long severity outcomes biomarkers.

Language: Английский

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