SARS-CoV-2 in animals: potential for unknown reservoir hosts and public health implications

Veterinary Quarterly, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 41(1), P. 181 - 201

Published: Jan. 1, 2021

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, previously 2019-nCoV) is suspected of having originated in 2019 China from a infected bat the genus Rhinolophus. Following initial emergence, possibly facilitated by mammalian bridge host, SARS-CoV-2 currently transmitted across globe via efficient human-to-human transmission. Results obtained experimental studies indicate that animal species such as cats, ferrets, raccoon dogs, cynomolgus macaques, rhesus white-tailed deer, rabbits, Egyptian fruit bats, and Syrian hamsters are susceptible to infection, cat-to-cat ferret-to-ferret transmission can take place contact air. However, natural infections have been reported only pet dogs tigers, lions, snow leopards, pumas, gorillas at zoos, farmed mink ferrets. Even though human-to-animal spillover has several instances, animals-to-humans mink-to-humans farms. rapid within population, new mink-associated variant emerged was identified both humans mink. The increasing reports carnivores higher susceptibility belonging this order. sporadic infection domestic wild require further investigation determine if or related Betacoronaviruses get established kept, feral populations, which may eventually act viral reservoirs. This review analyzes current evidence their possible implications on public health.

Language: Английский

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Assessing the risks of SARS-CoV-2 in wildlife

One Health Outlook, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 3(1)

Published: April 6, 2021

The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 likely emerged from a wildlife source with transmission to humans followed by rapid geographic spread throughout the globe and severe impacts on both human health global economy. Since onset of pandemic, there have been many instances human-to-animal involving companion, farmed zoo animals, limited evidence for into free-living wildlife. establishment reservoirs infection in wild animals would create significant challenges control could pose threat welfare conservation status We discuss potential exposure, onward persistence an initial selection mammals (bats, canids, felids, mustelids, great apes, rodents cervids). Dynamic risk assessment targeted surveillance are important tools early detection wildlife, here we describe framework collating synthesising emerging information inform Surveillance efforts should be integrated public veterinary initiatives provide insights role epidemiology SARS-CoV-2.

Language: Английский

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SARS‐CoV‐2 in animals: susceptibility of animal species, risk for animal and public health, monitoring, prevention and control

EFSA Journal, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 21(2)

Published: Feb. 1, 2023

Abstract The epidemiological situation of SARS-CoV-2 in humans and animals is continually evolving. To date, animal species known to transmit are American mink, raccoon dog, cat, ferret, hamster, house mouse, Egyptian fruit bat, deer mouse white-tailed deer. Among farmed animals, mink have the highest likelihood become infected from or further SARS-CoV-2. In EU, 44 outbreaks were reported 2021 farms seven MSs, while only six 2022 two thus representing a decreasing trend. introduction into usually via humans; this can be controlled by systematically testing people entering adequate biosecurity. current most appropriate monitoring approach for outbreak confirmation based on suspicion, dead clinically sick case increased mortality positive farm personnel genomic surveillance virus variants. analysis showed mink-specific clusters with potential spill back human population. companion cats, ferrets hamsters those at risk infection, which likely originates an human, has no very low impact circulation wild (including zoo animals), mostly carnivores, great apes been naturally cases wildlife so far. Proper disposal waste advised reduce risks spill-over wildlife. Furthermore, contact wildlife, especially if dead, should minimised. No specific recommended apart hunter-harvested clinical signs found-dead. Bats monitored as natural host many coronaviruses.

Language: Английский

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Natural and Experimental SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Domestic and Wild Animals

Viruses, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(10), P. 1993 - 1993

Published: Oct. 4, 2021

SARS-CoV-2 is the etiological agent responsible for ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which continues to spread with devastating effects on global health and socioeconomics. The susceptibility of domestic wild animal species infection a critical facet ecology, since reverse zoonotic spillover events resulting in outbreaks populations could result establishment new virus reservoirs. Adaptive mutations also complicate mitigation strategies combat SARS-CoV-2. In addition, susceptible are essential as standardized preclinical models development efficacy testing vaccines therapeutics. this review, we summarize current findings regarding different experimental provide detailed descriptions clinical disease transmissibility these animals. outline documented natural infections animals that have occurred at human–animal interface. A comprehensive understanding crucial inform public health, veterinary, agricultural systems, guide environmental policies.

Language: Английский

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First Description of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Two Feral American Mink (Neovison vison) Caught in the Wild

Animals, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11(5), P. 1422 - 1422

Published: May 16, 2021

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causal agent of COVID-19, is considered a pathogen animal origin that mainly transmitted from human to human. Several species can be naturally or experimentally infected by SARS-CoV-2, with compelling evidence mink highly susceptible SARS-CoV-2 infection. Human-to-mink infection cases have been reported and there are also suggestions mink-to-human occurs. Mink infections date only on fur farms, except for one free- ranging wild near Utah (USA) farm, which suggests transmission pathway farms mink. We now report detection in 13 feral dark brown American (

Language: Английский

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Monitoring of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in mustelids

EFSA Journal, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 19(3)

Published: March 1, 2021

Abstract American mink and ferret are highly susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but no information is available for other mustelid species. SARS-CoV-2 spreads very efficiently within farms once introduced, by direct indirect contact, high within-farm animal density increases the chance transmission. Between-farm spread likely occur short distance between positive a risk factor. As of 29 January 2021, virus has been reported in 400 eight countries European Union. In most cases, introduction infection into was infected humans. Human health can be at mink-related variant viruses, which establish circulation community, so far these have not shown more transmissible or causing impact compared with circulating SARS-CoV-2. Concerning posed species that may included monitoring plans mink, ferrets, cats, raccoon dogs, white-tailed deer Rhinolophidae bats. All should considered infection; therefore, objective early detection. This includes passive (in place whole territory all where animals bred) also active regular testing. First, frequent testing farm personnel people contact recommended. Furthermore randomly selected (dead sick included) tested using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), ideally weekly intervals (i.e. design prevalence approximately 5% each epidemiological unit, assessed case case). Suspected clinical signs minimum five animals) confirmation infection. Positive samples from sequenced monitor evolution results publicly shared.

Language: Английский

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The Finding of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in a Wild Eurasian River Otter (Lutra lutra) Highlights the Need for Viral Surveillance in Wild Mustelids

Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: March 31, 2022

Animals have been involved in the three known outbreaks of severe respiratory syndromes due to coronaviruses (years 2005, 2012, and 2019). The pandemic nature SARS-CoV-2 outbreak increases likelihood infection from humans susceptible animal species that, thus, could become secondary viral hosts even disease reservoirs. We present evidence spillover wild mustelids by reporting presence a Eurasian river otter found near water reservoir Valencian Community (Spain). detected virus using two different commercial RTqPCR assays on RNA extracted nasopharynx (swabbing) lung tissue mediastinal lymph node homogenates. corresponding samples additional otters distant sites tested negative identical assays. diagnosis positive was confirmed two-tube RT-PCR assay which first retrotranscribed, then specific regions spike (S), nucleocapsid (N), ORF10 genes were separately amplified produced cDNA, followed electrophoretic visualization Sanger sequencing. sequences products revealed some non-synonymous changes N partial sequences, relative consensus sequence. These changes, identified already human patient samples, point origin virus, although their combination unique. findings, together with our previous report feral American mink, highlight need for surveillance or evaluate risk that these animals

Language: Английский

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Fecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review of evidence from epidemiological and experimental studies

American Journal of Infection Control, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 51(12), P. 1430 - 1437

Published: April 28, 2023

•Fecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 poses a major knowledge gap.•Cell, organoid, and animal infection by from feces has been observed.•Circumstantial evidence suggesting human fecal-oral exists.•No strong was found. BackgroundSARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid (RNA) detected in feces, but RNA is not infectious. This systematic review aims to answer if fecal experimentally infectious exists.MethodsOn September 19, 2022, we searched PubMed, Embase, Web Science, medRxiv, bioRxiv. Biomedical studies inoculating rectal, or anal swabs cells, tissue, organoids, animals were included. Epidemiological groups differing exposure Risk bias assessed using standardized tools. Results summarized vote counting, tabulation, harvest plot. PROSPERO registration no. CRD42020221719.ResultsA total 4,874 screened; 26 included; 13 out 23 biomedical (56.5%) succeeded infection. Two (66.7%) epidemiological found limited transmission. All had concerns about the risk bias.ConclusionsIt possible infect cell cultures, with SARS-CoV-2. No epidemiologic support We advise future research study infectivity at different time points during infection, apply appropriate controls, use vivo models, as factor populations. exists. On CRD42020221719. A bias. It

Language: Английский

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Differential susceptibility of SARS‐CoV‐2 in animals: Evidence of ACE2 host receptor distribution in companion animals, livestock and wildlife by immunohistochemical characterisation

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 69(4), P. 2275 - 2286

Published: July 10, 2021

Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a host cell membrane protein (receptor) that mediates the binding of coronavirus, most notably SARS coronaviruses in respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Although SARS-CoV-2 infection mainly confined to humans, there have been numerous incidents spillback (reverse zoonoses) domestic captive animals. An absence information on spatial distribution ACE2 animal tissues limits our understanding species susceptibility. Here, we describe using immunohistochemistry (IHC) histological sections derived from carnivores, ungulates, primates chiroptera. Comparison mink (Neovison vison) ferret (Mustela putorius furo) tracts showed substantial differences, demonstrating present lower tract but not ferrets. The presence some was much more restricted as indicated by limited immunolabelling nasal turbinate, trachea lungs cats (Felis catus) only turbinate golden Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). In other species, could be detected bronchiolar epithelium sheep (Ovis aries), cattle (Bos taurus), European badger (Meles meles), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), tiger lion (Panthera spp.). addition, mucosa serotine bat (Eptesicus serotinus) pig (Sus scrofa domestica), or sheep. intestine, seen microvillus enterocytes (surface intestine) across various taxa. These results provide anatomical evidence expression number which will enable further susceptibility tissue tropism receptor-mediated viral infection.

Language: Английский

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Large‐scale study on virological and serological prevalence of SARS‐CoV‐2 in cats and dogs in Spain

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 69(4)

Published: Nov. 1, 2021

The disease produced by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently one of primary concerns worldwide. Knowing zoonotic origin and that several animal species, including dogs cats, are susceptible to viral infection, it critical assess relevance pets in this pandemic. Here, we performed a large-scale study on SARS-CoV-2 serological prevalence cats Spain order elucidate their role susceptibility. Samples from animals contact with COVID-19 positive people and/or compatible symptoms (n = 492), as well random 1024), were taken. Despite large number analyzed, only 12 (eight four cats), which represents 0.79% total analyzed 1516), for RNA detection reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) isolation was possible animals. We detected neutralizing antibodies 34 animals, them also PCR. This evidences infection natural conditions but at low level, evidenced percentage detected, being infected humans main source infection. However, inclusion surveillance still recommended.

Language: Английский

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