Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review of Pathogenesis, Management, and Drug Repurposing

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 23(2), P. 583 - 583

Published: Jan. 6, 2022

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine-gynecology disorder affecting many women of childbearing age. Although a part the involved mechanism in PCOS occurrence discovered, exact etiology and pathophysiology are not comprehensively understood yet. We searched PubMed for pathogenesis management this article ClinicalTrials.gov information on repurposed medications. All responsible factors behind were thoroughly evaluated. Furthermore, complete commonly prescribed medications summarized through tables. Epigenetics, environmental toxicants, stress, diet as external factors, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, inflammation, oxidative obesity internal investigated. Lifestyle modifications complementary alternative medicines preferred first-line therapy cases. Medications, including 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 dipeptidyl peptidase-4 glucose-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, mucolytic agents, some supplements have supporting data being PCOS. Since there few completed clinical trials with low population mostly without results medications, it would be helpful to do further research run well-designed subject. Moreover, understanding more about beneficial find new implying effect via novel discovered routes.

Language: Английский

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Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Etiology, Current Management, and Future Therapeutics

Journal of Clinical Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(4), P. 1454 - 1454

Published: Feb. 11, 2023

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine and metabolic disorder, typically characterized by anovulation, infertility, obesity, insulin resistance, polycystic ovaries. Lifestyle or diet, environmental pollutants, genetics, gut dysbiosis, neuroendocrine alterations, obesity are among the risk factors that predispose females to PCOS. These might contribute upsurging causing hyperinsulinemia, oxidative stress, hyperandrogenism, impaired folliculogenesis, irregular menstrual cycles. Dysbiosis of microbiota may play pathogenic role in development The restoration probiotics, prebiotics, fecal transplant (FMT) serve as an innovative, efficient, noninvasive way prevent mitigate This review deliberates on variety potentially involved etiology, prevalence, modulation PCOS, addition plausible therapeutic interventions, including miRNA therapy eubiosis microbiota, help treat manage

Language: Английский

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A review on critical appraisal and pathogenesis of polycystic ovarian syndrome

Endocrine and Metabolic Science, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14, P. 100162 - 100162

Published: Jan. 30, 2024

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder affecting reproductive-aged women, characterized by clinical manifestations such as hyperandrogenism, menstrual irregularities, and polycystic ovaries. Despite its prevalence impact on women's health, the pathogenesis of PCOS remains incompletely understood. This review provides comprehensive critical appraisal existing literature pathogenesis, addressing knowledge gaps highlighting multifactorial nature. A systematic identified relevant articles published up to cutoff date in 2023, focusing molecular, genetic, hormonal, environmental factors contributing pathogenesis. Electronic databases, including PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, were systematically searched using predefined terms. Eligible studies investigated associated with The revealed diverse enriching our understanding PCOS. Molecular genetic highlighted alterations signaling pathways, hormonal dysregulation, role insulin resistance. Environmental factors, lifestyle exposure endocrine-disrupting chemicals, implicated. Heterogeneity study designs methodologies underscored need for standardized approaches enhance comparability. synthesizes current evidence emphasizing multifaceted Standardization will facilitate future comparisons, enabling development targeted therapeutic interventions personalized management strategies women affected

Language: Английский

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Metabolically Healthy Obesity (MHO) vs. Metabolically Unhealthy Obesity (MUO) Phenotypes in PCOS: Association with Endocrine-Metabolic Profile, Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet, and Body Composition

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(11), P. 3925 - 3925

Published: Nov. 2, 2021

Obesity and obesity-related low-grade inflammation are common findings in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most endocrine-metabolic disorder-affecting women reproductive age. The terms metabolically healthy obese (MHO), unhealthy (MUO) have been introduced to define individuals with obesity whom cardio-metabolic risk factors absent or present, respectively. To date, evidence investigating differences body composition adherence Mediterranean diet (MD) between MHO MUO-PCOS lacking. Aim of this study was better characterize determinants metabolic health status PCOS patients according MUO phenotypes by evaluating profile, inflammatory status, MD, composition. population consisted 94 treatment-naïve (BMI = 38.23 ± 6.62 kg/m2 age 24.12 3.68 years). Compared patients, latter had higher levels high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (p < 0.001), testosterone insulin worse parameters, Homeostatic Model Assessment Insulin Resistance (HoMA-IR), Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI), Fatty liver (FLI) 0.001). Furthermore, lower MD 0.001) spite same total energy intake 0.102) as compared MHO. presence associated highest hs-CRP (OR 1.49, p more severe hyperandrogenism indices On contrary, being 0.28, smaller PhAs 0.04, Using a regression linear analysis model PREDIMED score entered at first step followed VAI FLI 0.032) analysis. At ROC analysis, ≤4 0.001, AUC 0.926) could serve threshold for significantly increased phenotype. best our knowledge, is that characterized on basis their composition, indices, providing usefulness adjunctive diagnostic parameters differentiate MHO/MHO cohort obesity.

Language: Английский

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Insulin Resistance in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Cureus, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Oct. 16, 2022

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the readily recognised endocrine gland illnesses in women, with an incidence range from 2.2% to 26% India. Patients experiencing PCOS experience issues involving irregular menstrual periods, hirsutism, acne, being overweight, and impotence. Long-term, low-grade inflammation has emerged as a crucial factor leading PCOS. A rise glucose levels may stimulate oxidative stress troubling reaction mononuclear cells (MNC) females PCOS, which normally do not rely on fat. This required because MNC-derived macrophages are major source cytokine synthesis big adipose tissue similarly encourage adipocyte production. In summary, data reveal substantial risks insulin resistance obese people who suffering The findings this specific lesson indicated that individuals conventional phenotype had obesity higher resistance, neglecting absence BMI differences other phenotypes. These show most significant pathophysiological trait

Language: Английский

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Microorganisms in the reproductive system and probiotic's regulatory effects on reproductive health

Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 20, P. 1541 - 1553

Published: Jan. 1, 2022

The presence of microbial communities in the reproductive tract has been revealed, and this resident microbiota is involved maintenance health. Intentional modulation via probiotics proposed as a possible strategy to enhance health reduce risk diseases. male seminal suggested an important factor that influences couple's health, pregnancy outcomes, offspring Probiotics have reported play role fertility affect mothers offspring. While female more complicated identified both upper lower systems, they together contribute maintenance. shown regulatory effects on tract, thereby contributing homeostasis influencing Further, through transmission bacteria or other indirect mechanisms, parent's probiotic intervention influence infant gut colonization immunity development, with potential consequences. In vitro vivo studies explored mechanisms underlying benefits administration intervention, array positive results, such composition, regulation metabolism, promotion epithelial barrier, improvement immune function, observed. Herein, we review state art system its reproduction, well beneficial their contributions prevention associated

Language: Английский

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Personalized Nutrition in the Management of Female Infertility: New Insights on Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(9), P. 1918 - 1918

Published: May 3, 2022

Increasing evidence on the significance of nutrition in reproduction is emerging from both animal and human studies, suggesting a mutual association between female fertility. Different “fertile” dietary patterns have been studied; however, humans, conflicting results or weak correlations are often reported, probably because individual variations genome, proteome, metabolome, microbiome extent exposure to different environmental conditions. In this scenario, “precision nutrition”, namely personalized based deep phenotyping metabolomics, microbiome, nutrigenetics each case, might be more efficient for infertile patients than applying generic nutritional approach. review, we report new insights into management patients, discussing main nutrigenetic, nutrigenomic, microbiomic aspects that should investigated achieve effective interventions. Specifically, will focus low-grade chronic inflammation, which associated with several infertility-related diseases.

Language: Английский

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Modulation of the Inflammatory Response in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)—Searching for Epigenetic Factors

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 23(23), P. 14663 - 14663

Published: Nov. 24, 2022

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. Despite its incidence, poorly understood and remains underdiagnosed, female patients are diagnosed with a delay. The heterogenous nature this complex results from combined occurrence genetic, environmental, endocrine, behavioral factors. Primary clinical manifestations PCOS derived excess androgens (anovulation, polycystic morphology, lack or scanty, irregular menstrual periods, acne hirsutism), whereas secondary include multiple metabolic, cardiovascular, psychological disorders. Dietary lifestyle factors play important roles development course PCOS, which suggests strong epigenetic environmental influences. Many studies have shown association between chronic, low-grade inflammation both ovarian tissue throughout body. In vast majority patients, elevated values inflammatory markers their gene been reported. Development vicious cycle chronic state additionally stimulated by hyperinsulinemia obesity. Changes DNA methylation, histone acetylation noncoding RNA levels presented review context oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species, signaling PCOS. Epigenetic modulation androgenic activity response to also discussed.

Language: Английский

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Do GLP-1 Analogs Have a Place in the Treatment of PCOS? New Insights and Promising Therapies

Journal of Clinical Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(18), P. 5915 - 5915

Published: Sept. 12, 2023

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most prevalent endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age. This condition characterized by hyperandrogenism and either oligo- or anovulation. PCOS patients often present comorbidities such as obesity, insulin resistance, impaired glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, an increased risk diabetes. Given profound implications impairment PCOS, accurate diagnosis management these facets are imperative. The first-line approach to treatment involves lifestyle modifications, including dietary adjustments exercise aimed at achieving weight loss, a strategy consistently emphasized across literature. Supplementation with probiotics, vitamin D, L-carnitine have also provided additional benefits patients. In select cases, pharmacological interventions needed for optimal therapeutic results. common medications used include metformin, thiazolidinediones, inositols, two classes antidiabetic agents: dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors, sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) new addition arsenal PCOS. GLP-1 cause release glucose-dependent manner, yielding clinical heightened satiety, reduced appetite, appetite regulation. GLP-1RAs demonstrated efficacy reducing glycated hemoglobin levels promoting loss while ameliorating hyperlipidemia. Prior initiating GLP-1RA therapy, should undergo screening contraindications, history pancreatitis, diabetic retinopathy, thyroid cancer. effects be monitored using laboratory testing body measurements. Effective communication between clinician patient maintained regular check-in period 6 12 months.

Language: Английский

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Effect of High Fat Diet on Disease Development of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Lifestyle Intervention Strategies

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(9), P. 2230 - 2230

Published: May 8, 2023

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine and metabolic disorder that affects premenopausal women. The etiology of PCOS multifaceted, involving various genetic epigenetic factors, hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian dysfunction, androgen excess, insulin resistance, adipose-related mechanisms. High-fat diets (HFDs) has been linked to the development disorders weight gain, exacerbating obesity impairing function axis. This results in increased hyperinsulinemia, release inflammatory adipokines, leading heightened fat synthesis reduced breakdown, thereby worsening reproductive consequences PCOS. Effective management requires lifestyle interventions such as dietary modifications, loss, physical activity, psychological well-being, well medical or surgical some cases. article systematically examines pathological basis influence HFDs on its development, with aim raising awareness connection between diet health, providing robust approach interventions, serving reference for targeted drug treatments.

Language: Английский

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