Brain Research Bulletin,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
222, P. 111256 - 111256
Published: Feb. 12, 2025
Multiple
sclerosis
(MS)
is
a
chronic
autoimmune
illness
characterized
by
inflammation
and
demyelination
of
the
central
nervous
system
(CNS).
The
effective
delivery
therapeutic
agents
to
CNS
continues
be
an
important
barrier
in
MS
treatment
due
blood-brain
limited
access
affected
areas.
Exosome-based
drug
systems
have
become
attractive
option
for
targeted
therapy
MS.
Exosomes,
small
extracellular
vesicles
derived
from
various
cell
types,
possess
unique
biological
properties
that
make
them
ideal
nanocarriers
delivering
cargo
specific
populations
CNS.
In
this
study,
we
supply
comprehensive
overview
current
advances
future
perspectives
exosome-based
We
discuss
biogenesis
exosomes,
strategies
loading,
engineering
approaches
enhance
their
targeting
capabilities,
potential
clinical
applications
exosome-mediated
therapy.
Additionally,
explore
preclinical
studies
animal
models
demonstrate
effectiveness
ameliorating
pathology.
By
highlighting
challenges
opportunities
utilizing
exosomes
as
vehicles,
review
aims
contribute
growing
body
knowledge
field
nanomedicine
Considering
accessibility,
specificity,
therapies
while
minimizing
off-target
effects
might
change
scenario
Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
21(1), P. 91 - 110
Published: Jan. 2, 2024
Using
engineered
exosomes
produced
from
stem
cells
is
an
experimental
therapeutic
approach
for
treating
brain
diseases.
According
to
reports,
preclinical
research
has
demonstrated
notable
neurogenesis
and
angiogenesis
effects
using
modified
cell-derived
exosomes.
These
biological
nanoparticles
have
a
variety
of
anti-apoptotic,
anti-inflammatory,
antioxidant
properties
that
make
them
very
promising
nervous
system
disorders.
Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
17
Published: March 11, 2024
Exosomes,
vesicular
structures
originating
from
cells,
participate
in
the
conveyance
of
proteins
and
nucleic
acids.
Presently,
centrality
epigenetic
modifications
neurological
disorders
is
widely
acknowledged.
Exosomes
exert
influence
over
various
phenomena,
thereby
modulating
post-transcriptional
regulatory
processes
contingent
upon
their
constituent
makeup.
Consequently,
heightened
attention
directed
toward
exosomes
as
instigators
alterations
has
burgeoned
recent
years.
Notably,
serve
vehicles
for
delivering
methyltransferases
to
recipient
cells.
More
significantly,
non-coding
RNAs,
particularly
microRNAs
(miRNAs),
represent
pivotal
contents
within
exosomes,
wielding
capacity
expression
diverse
factors
cerebral
milieu.
The
transfer
these
exosomal
amidst
brain
encompassing
neuronal
cells
microglia,
assumes
a
critical
role
genesis
progression
disorders,
also,
this
not
limited
it
may
deal
with
any
human
disease,
such
cancer,
cardiovascular
diseases.
This
review
will
concentrate
on
elucidating
regulation
exosome-induced
events
its
subsequent
ramifications
A
more
profound
comprehension
involvement
exosome-mediated
contributes
awareness
etiology
advancement
afflictions.
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
203, P. 114460 - 114460
Published: Aug. 31, 2024
Glioblastoma
(GBM)
stands
for
the
most
common
and
aggressive
type
of
brain
tumour
in
adults.
It
is
highly
invasive,
which
explains
its
short
rate
survival.
Little
known
about
risk
factors,
current
therapy
still
ineffective.
Hence,
efforts
are
underway
to
develop
novel
effective
treatment
approaches
against
this
cancer.
Exosomes
being
explored
as
a
promising
strategy
conveying
delivering
therapeutic
cargo
GBM
cells.
They
can
fuse
with
cell
membrane
and,
consequently,
serve
delivery
systems
context.
Due
their
nanoscale
size,
exosomes
cross
blood-brain
barrier
(BBB),
constitutes
significant
hurdle
chemotherapeutic
drugs
used
GBM.
subsequently
inhibit
oncogenes,
activate
suppressor
genes,
induce
immune
responses,
control
growth.
However,
despite
representing
tool
GBM,
further
research
clinical
studies
regarding
exosome
biology,
engineering,
applications
need
be
completed.
Here,
we
sought
review
application
through
an
in-depth
analysis
scientific
on
entire
process,
from
isolation
purification
design
transformation
into
anti-oncogenic
drug
systems.
Surface
modification
enhance
BBB
penetration
GBM-cell
targeting
also
topic
discussion.
ACS Applied Bio Materials,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
7(5), P. 2741 - 2751
Published: April 17, 2024
Herb-based
extracellular
vesicles
(EV),
inherently
replete
with
bioactive
proteins,
RNA,
lipids,
and
other
medicinal
compounds,
are
noncytotoxic
uniquely
capable
of
cellular
delivery
to
meet
the
ever-stringent
challenges
ongoing
clinical
applications.
EVs
abundant
in
nature,
affordable,
scalable,
but
they
also
incredibly
fragile
stuffed
many
biomolecules.
To
address
low
drug
binding
abilities
poor
stability
EVs,
we
demonstrated
herb-based
(isolated
from
neem,
mint,
curry
leaves)
conjugated
chitosan
(CS)
PEGylated
graphene
oxide
(GP)
that
led
their
transformation
into
robust
efficient
vectors.
The
designed
conjugates
successfully
delivered
estrogen
receptor
α
(ERα1)-targeting
siRNA
breast
cancer
MCF7
cells.
Our
data
revealed
neem-based
EV-CS-GP
were
most
delivery,
which
could
be
attributed
hyaluronic
acid-mediated
recognition
neem
by
cells
via
CD44
receptors.
approach
shows
a
futuristic
direction
designing
clinically
viable,
sustainable,
nontoxic
EV-based
vehicles
can
deliver
variety
functional
cargos.
Journal of Nanobiotechnology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
22(1)
Published: June 18, 2024
Abstract
Recently,
the
significant
benefits
of
cancer
immunotherapy
for
most
cancers
have
been
demonstrated
in
clinical
and
preclinical
studies.
However,
efficacy
these
immunotherapies
gliomas
is
limited,
owing
to
restricted
drug
delivery
insufficient
immune
activation.
As
carriers,
exosomes
offer
advantages
low
toxicity,
good
biocompatibility,
intrinsic
cell
targeting,
which
could
enhance
glioma
efficacy.
a
review
exosome-based
systems
has
not
presented.
This
introduces
current
problems
role
addressing
issues.
Meanwhile,
preparation
application
strategies
are
discussed,
especially
enhancing
immunogenicity
reversing
immunosuppressive
tumor
microenvironment.
Finally,
we
briefly
describe
challenges
translation.
We
anticipate
that
this
will
guide
use
as
carriers
immunotherapy.
Graphical
Exosomes
are
small
subtypes
of
extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
naturally
released
by
different
types
cells
into
their
environment.
Their
physiological
roles
appear
to
be
multiple,
and
many
aspects
biological
activities
remain
understood.
These
can
transport
deliver
a
variety
cargoes,
including
proteins,
metabolites,
nucleic
acids,
lipids.
Consequently,
it
is
argued
that
exosomes
may
serve
as
unconventional
secretory
vesicles,
playing
crucial
role
important
vectors
for
intercellular
communication
the
maintenance
homeostasis.
Exosome
production
content
vary
under
several
stresses
or
modifications
in
cell
microenvironment,
influencing
cellular
responses
both
qualitatively
quantitatively.
Thus,
analysis
EVs
from
multiple
biofluids,
due
its
ease
implementation,
has
become
booming
tool
monitoring
various
pathologies,
particularly
cancer,
we
shall
outline
further
on.
During
infectious
processes,
described
double-edged
swords,
displaying
beneficial
detrimental
effects.
Indeed,
during
viral
infection,
circulating
often
enhanced
signal
danger,
stimulate
immunity,
possibly
pathological
biomarkers.
Conversely,
viruses
disrupt
hijack
exosome
production.
In
this
review,
discuss
particular
ambiguous
functions
contexts.
Furthermore,
explore
vectoring
capacity
light
extensive
literature
examining
function
mounting
adaptive
immune
responses.
provide
an
interesting
platform
antigen
presentation
could
therefore
novel
therapeutic
targets
used
vaccine
strategies.
Journal of Neurotrauma,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
41(21-22), P. 2395 - 2412
Published: March 6, 2024
There
is
a
growing
body
of
evidence
that
the
delivery
cell-derived
exosomes
normally
involved
in
intracellular
communication
can
reduce
secondary
injury
mechanisms
after
brain
and
spinal
cord
improve
outcomes.
Exosomes
are
nanometer-sized
vesicles
released
by
Schwann
cells
may
have
neuroprotective
effects
reducing
posttraumatic
inflammatory
processes
as
well
promoting
tissue
healing
functional
recovery.
The
purpose
this
study
was
to
evaluate
beneficial
human
Schwann-cell
(hSC-Exos)
severe
model
penetrating
ballistic-like
(PBBI)
rats
investigate
on
multiple
Human
cell
processing
protocols
followed
Current
Good
Manufacturing
Practices
(cGMP)
with
exosome
extraction
purification
steps
approved
FDA
for
an
expanded
access
single
ALS
patient
IND.
Anesthetized
male
Sprague-Dawley
(280-350g)
underwent
PBBI
surgery
or
sham
procedures
starting
30
min
received
either
dose
hSC-Exos
PBS
through
jugular
vein.
At
48hrs
PBBI,
flow
cytometry
analysis
cortical
revealed
administration
reduced
number
activated
microglia
levels
caspase-1,
marker
inflammasome
activation.
Neuropathological
at
21
days
showed
treatment
significantly
overall
contusion
volume
decreased
frequency
Iba-1
positive
amoeboid
immunocytochemical
analysis.
This
systemic
TBI
reduces
histopathological
damage.
represents
clinically
relevant
cell-based
therapy
limit
detrimental
neurotrauma
other
progressive
neurological
injuries
impacting
pathophysiological
events
Journal of Neurochemistry,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: April 22, 2024
Abstract
Brain‐derived
extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
serve
a
prominent
role
in
maintaining
homeostasis
and
contributing
to
pathology
health
disease.
This
review
establishes
crucial
link
between
physiological
processes
leading
EV
biogenesis
their
impacts
on
EVs
are
involved
the
clearance
transport
of
proteins
nucleic
acids,
responding
changes
cellular
associated
with
neurodegeneration,
including
autophagic
disruption,
organellar
dysfunction,
aging,
other
cell
stresses.
In
neurodegenerative
disorders
(e.g.,
Alzheimer's
disease,
Parkinson's
etc.),
contribute
spread
pathological
like
amyloid
β,
tau,
ɑ‐synuclein,
prions,
TDP‐43,
exacerbating
neurodegeneration
accelerating
disease
progression.
Despite
evidence
for
both
neuropathological
neuroprotective
effects
EVs,
mechanistic
switch
functions
remains
elusive,
warranting
further
research
into
involvement
Moreover,
owing
innate
ability
traverse
blood–brain
barrier
ubiquitous
nature,
emerge
as
promising
candidates
novel
diagnostic
therapeutic
strategies.
The
uniquely
positions
itself
at
intersection
biology,
neurophysiology,
neuropathology,
offering
insights
diverse
biological
roles
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
16(24), P. 30860 - 30873
Published: June 11, 2024
The
incidence
of
breast
cancer
remains
high
worldwide
and
is
associated
with
a
significant
risk
metastasis
to
the
brain
that
can
be
fatal;
this
due,
in
part,
inability
therapeutics
cross
blood–brain
barrier
(BBB).
Extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
have
been
found
BBB
further
used
deliver
drugs
tumors.
EVs
from
different
cell
types
appear
patterns
accumulation
retention
as
well
efficiency
bioactive
cargo
delivery
recipient
cells
body.
Engineering
tools
treat
metastases,
therefore,
will
require
an
understanding
timing
EV
their
localization
relative
metastatic
sites.
Magnetic
particle
imaging
(MPI)
sensitive
quantitative
method
directly
detects
superparamagnetic
iron.
Here,
we
demonstrate
MPI
novel
tool
characterize
biodistribution
disease
after
labeling
iron
oxide
(SPIO)
nanoparticles.
Iron-labeled
(FeEVs)
were
collected
iron-labeled
parental
primary
4T1
tumor
brain-seeking
4T1BR5
cells,
followed
by
injection
into
mice
orthotopic
tumors
or
metastases.
quantification
revealed
FeEVs
retained
for
longer
mammary
carcinomas
compared
SPIOs.
signal
due
could
only
detected
brains
bearing
metastases
FeEVs,
but
not
SPIOs,
when
did
These
findings
indicate
potential
use
therapeutic
